--行列轉換 行轉列
DROP TABLE t_change_lc;
CREATE TABLE t_change_lc (card_code VARCHAR2(3), q NUMBER, bal NUMBER);INSERT INTO t_change_lc
SELECT '001' card_code, ROWNUM q, trunc(dbms_random.VALUE * 100) bal FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= 4
UNION
SELECT '002' card_code, ROWNUM q, trunc(dbms_random.VALUE * 100) bal FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= 4;SELECT * FROM t_change_lc;SELECT a.card_code,
SUM(decode(a.q, 1, a.bal, 0)) q1,
SUM(decode(a.q, 2, a.bal, 0)) q2,
SUM(decode(a.q, 3, a.bal, 0)) q3,
SUM(decode(a.q, 4, a.bal, 0)) q4
FROM t_change_lc a
GROUP BY a.card_code
ORDER BY 1;--行列轉換 列轉行
DROP TABLE t_change_cl;
CREATE TABLE t_change_cl AS
SELECT a.card_code,
SUM(decode(a.q, 1, a.bal, 0)) q1,
SUM(decode(a.q, 2, a.bal, 0)) q2,
SUM(decode(a.q, 3, a.bal, 0)) q3,
SUM(decode(a.q, 4, a.bal, 0)) q4
FROM t_change_lc a
GROUP BY a.card_code
ORDER BY 1;SELECT * FROM t_change_cl;SELECT t.card_code,
t.rn q,
decode(t.rn, 1, t.q1, 2, t.q2, 3, t.q3, 4, t.q4) bal
FROM (SELECT a.*, b.rn
FROM t_change_cl a,
(SELECT ROWNUM rn FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= 4) b) t
ORDER BY 1, 2;--行列轉換 行轉列 合并
DROP TABLE t_change_lc_comma;
CREATE TABLE t_change_lc_comma AS SELECT card_code,'quarter_'q AS q FROM t_change_lc; SELECT * FROM t_change_lc_comma;SELECT t1.card_code, substr(MAX(sys_connect_by_path(t1.q, ';')), 2) q
FROM (SELECT a.card_code,
a.q,
row_number() over(PARTITION BY a.card_code ORDER BY a.q) rn
FROM t_change_lc_comma a) t1
START WITH t1.rn = 1
CONNECT BY t1.card_code = PRIOR t1.card_code
AND t1.rn - 1 = PRIOR t1.rn
GROUP BY t1.card_code;--行列轉換 列轉行 分割
DROP TABLE t_change_cl_comma;
CREATE TABLE t_change_cl_comma AS
SELECT t1.card_code, substr(MAX(sys_connect_by_path(t1.q, ';')), 2) q
FROM (SELECT a.card_code,
a.q,
row_number() over(PARTITION BY a.card_code ORDER BY a.q) rn
FROM t_change_lc_comma a) t1
START WITH t1.rn = 1
CONNECT BY t1.card_code = PRIOR t1.card_code
AND t1.rn - 1 = PRIOR t1.rn
GROUP BY t1.card_code;SELECT * FROM t_change_cl_comma;SELECT t.card_code,
substr(t.q,
instr(';' t.q, ';', 1, rn),
instr(t.q ';', ';', 1, rn) - instr(';' t.q, ';', 1, rn)) q
FROM (SELECT a.card_code, a.q, b.rn
FROM t_change_cl_comma a,
(SELECT ROWNUM rn FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= 100) b
WHERE instr(';' a.q, ';', 1, rn) > 0) t
ORDER BY 1, 2;
-- 實現一條記錄根據條件多表插入
DROP TABLE t_ia_src;
CREATE TABLE t_ia_src AS SELECT 'a'ROWNUM c1, 'b'ROWNUM c2 FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM<=5;
DROP TABLE t_ia_dest_1;
CREATE TABLE t_ia_dest_1(flag VARCHAR2(10) , c VARCHAR2(10));
DROP TABLE t_ia_dest_2;
CREATE TABLE t_ia_dest_2(flag VARCHAR2(10) , c VARCHAR2(10));
DROP TABLE t_ia_dest_3;
CREATE TABLE t_ia_dest_3(flag VARCHAR2(10) , c VARCHAR2(10));SELECT * FROM t_ia_src;
SELECT * FROM t_ia_dest_1;
SELECT * FROM t_ia_dest_2;
SELECT * FROM t_ia_dest_3;INSERT ALL
WHEN (c1 IN ('a1','a3')) THEN
INTO t_ia_dest_1(flag,c) VALUES(flag1,c2)
WHEN (c1 IN ('a2','a4')) THEN
INTO t_ia_dest_2(flag,c) VALUES(flag2,c2)
ELSE
INTO t_ia_dest_3(flag,c) VALUES(flag1flag2,c1c2)
SELECT c1,c2, 'f1' flag1, 'f2' flag2 FROM t_ia_src;-- 假如存在就更新，不存在就插入用一個語句實現
DROP TABLE t_mg;
CREATE TABLE t_mg(code VARCHAR2(10), NAME VARCHAR2(10));SELECT * FROM t_mg;MERGE INTO t_mg a
USING (SELECT 'the code' code, 'the name' NAME FROM dual) b
ON (a.code = b.code)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET a.NAME = b.NAME
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (code, NAME) VALUES (b.code, b.NAME);-- 抽取/刪除重復記錄
DROP TABLE t_dup;
CREATE TABLE t_dup AS SELECT 'code_'ROWNUM code, dbms_random.string('z',5) NAME FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM<=10;
INSERT INTO t_dup SELECT 'code_'ROWNUM code, dbms_random.string('z',5) NAME FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM<=2; SELECT * FROM t_dup;SELECT * FROM t_dup a WHERE a.ROWID <> (SELECT MIN(b.ROWID) FROM t_dup b WHERE a.code=b.code);SELECT b.code, b.NAME
FROM (SELECT a.code,
a.NAME,
row_number() over(PARTITION BY a.code ORDER BY a.ROWID) rn
FROM t_dup a) b
WHERE b.rn > 1;-- IN/EXISTS的不同適用環境
-- t_orders.customer_id有索引
SELECT a.*
FROM t_employees a
WHERE a.employee_id IN
(SELECT b.sales_rep_id FROM t_orders b WHERE b.customer_id = 12);SELECT a.*
FROM t_employees a
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1
FROM t_orders b
WHERE b.customer_id = 12
AND a.employee_id = b.sales_rep_id);-- t_employees.department_id有索引
SELECT a.*
FROM t_employees a
WHERE a.department_id = 10
AND EXISTS
(SELECT 1 FROM t_orders b WHERE a.employee_id = b.sales_rep_id);SELECT a.*
FROM t_employees a
WHERE a.department_id = 10
AND a.employee_id IN (SELECT b.sales_rep_id FROM t_orders b);-- FBI
DROP TABLE t_fbi;
CREATE TABLE t_fbi AS
SELECT ROWNUM rn, dbms_random.STRING('z',10) NAME , SYSDATE + dbms_random.VALUE * 10 dt FROM dual
CONNECT BY ROWNUM <=10; CREATE INDEX idx_nonfbi ON t_fbi(dt);DROP INDEX idx_fbi_1;
CREATE INDEX idx_fbi_1 ON t_fbi(trunc(dt));SELECT * FROM t_fbi WHERE trunc(dt) = to_date('2006-09-21','yyyy-mm-dd') ;-- 不建議使用
SELECT * FROM t_fbi WHERE to_char(dt, 'yyyy-mm-dd') = '2006-09-21';-- LOOP中的COMMIT/ROLLBACK
DROP TABLE t_loop PURGE;
create TABLE t_loop AS SELECT * FROM user_objects WHERE 1=2;SELECT * FROM t_loop;-- 逐行提交
DECLARE
BEGIN
FOR cur IN (SELECT * FROM user_objects) LOOP
INSERT INTO t_loop VALUES cur;
COMMIT;
END LOOP;
END;-- 模擬批量提交http://blog.vevb.com/
DECLARE
v_count NUMBER;
BEGIN
FOR cur IN (SELECT * FROM user_objects) LOOP
INSERT INTO t_loop VALUES cur;
v_count := v_count + 1;
IF v_count >= 100 THEN
COMMIT;
END IF;
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
END;-- 真正的批量提交
DECLARE
CURSOR cur IS
SELECT * FROM user_objects;
TYPE rec IS TABLE OF user_objects%ROWTYPE;
recs rec;
BEGIN
OPEN cur;
WHILE (TRUE) LOOP
FETCH cur BULK COLLECT
INTO recs LIMIT 100;
-- forall 實現批量
FORALL i IN 1 .. recs.COUNT
INSERT INTO t_loop VALUES recs (i);
COMMIT;
EXIT WHEN cur%NOTFOUND;
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur;
END;-- 悲觀鎖定/樂觀鎖定
DROP TABLE t_lock PURGE;
CREATE TABLE t_lock AS SELECT 1 ID FROM dual;SELECT * FROM t_lock;-- 常見的實現邏輯，隱含bug
DECLARE
v_cnt NUMBER;
BEGIN
-- 這里有并發性的bug
SELECT MAX(ID) INTO v_cnt FROM t_lock;-- here for other Operation
v_cnt := v_cnt + 1;
INSERT INTO t_lock (ID) VALUES (v_cnt);
COMMIT;
END;-- 高并發環境下，安全的實現邏輯
DECLARE
v_cnt NUMBER;
BEGIN
-- 對指定的行取得lock
SELECT ID INTO v_cnt FROM t_lock WHERE ID=1 FOR UPDATE;
-- 在有lock的情況下繼續下面的操作
SELECT MAX(ID) INTO v_cnt FROM t_lock;-- here for other operation
v_cnt := v_cnt + 1;
INSERT INTO t_lock (ID) VALUES (v_cnt);
COMMIT; --提交并且釋放lock
END;-- 硬解析/軟解析
DROP TABLE t_hard PURGE;
CREATE TABLE t_hard (ID INT);SELECT * FROM t_hard;DECLARE
sql_1 VARCHAR2(200);
BEGIN
-- hard parse
-- java中的同等語句是 Statement.execute()
FOR i IN 1 .. 1000 LOOP
sql_1 := 'insert into t_hard(id) values(' i ')';
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE sql_1;
END LOOP;
COMMIT;-- soft parse
--java中的同等語句是 PreparedStatement.execute()
sql_1 := 'insert into t_hard(id) values(:id)';
FOR i IN 1 .. 1000 LOOP
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE sql_1
USING i;
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
END; -- 正確的分頁算法
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT a.*, ROWNUM rn
FROM (SELECT * FROM t_employees ORDER BY first_name) a
WHERE ROWNUM <= 500)
WHERE rn > 480 ;-- 分頁算法(why not this one)
SELECT a.*, ROWNUM rn
FROM (SELECT * FROM t_employees ORDER BY first_name) a
WHERE ROWNUM <= 500 AND ROWNUM > 480;-- 分頁算法(why not this one)
SELECT b.*
FROM (SELECT a.*, ROWNUM rn
FROM t_employees a
WHERE ROWNUM < = 500
ORDER BY first_name) b
WHERE b.rn > 480;-- OLAP
-- 小計合計
SELECT CASE
WHEN a.deptno IS NULL THEN
'合計'
WHEN a.deptno IS NOT NULL AND a.empno IS NULL THEN
'小計'
ELSE
'' a.deptno
END deptno,
a.empno,
a.ename,
SUM(a.sal) total_sal
FROM scott.emp a
GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((a.deptno),(a.deptno, a.empno, a.ename),());-- 分組排序
SELECT a.deptno,
a.empno,
a.ename,
a.sal,
-- 可跳躍的rank
rank() over(PARTITION BY a.deptno ORDER BY a.sal DESC) r1,
-- 密集型rank
dense_rank() over(PARTITION BY a.deptno ORDER BY a.sal DESC) r2,
-- 不分組排序
rank() over(ORDER BY sal DESC) r3
FROM scott.emp a
ORDER BY a.deptno,a.sal DESC;-- 當前行數據和前/后n行的數據比較
SELECT a.empno,
a.ename,
a.sal,
-- 上面一行
lag(a.sal) over(ORDER BY a.sal DESC) lag_1,
-- 下面三行
lead(a.sal, 3) over(ORDER BY a.sal DESC) lead_3
FROM scott.emp a
ORDER BY a.sal DESC;
