Oracle中password file的作用及說明

2024-08-29 13:45:37

字體：大中小

來源：轉載

供稿：網友

在數據庫沒有啟動之前，數據庫內建用戶是無法通過數據庫來驗證身份的。

口令文件中存放sysdba/sysoper用戶的用戶名及口令，答應用戶通過口令文件驗證，在數據庫未啟動之前登陸，從而啟動數據庫。

假如沒有口令文件，在數據庫未啟動之前就只能通過操作系統認證.

使用Rman，很多時候需要在nomount,mount等狀態對數據庫進行處理
所以通常要求sysdba權限假如屬于本地DBA組，可以通過操作系統認證登陸
假如是遠程sysdba登陸，需要通過passWordfile認證.1.remote_login_passwordfile = NONE

此時停用口令文件驗證，Oracle數據庫不答應遠程SYSDBA/SYSOPER身份登錄
無法通過遠程進行數據庫起停等操作治理

local:

[oracle@jumper oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - PRodUCtion on Thu Apr 15 09:58:45 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.Connected to:Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining optionsJServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionSQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;User altered.SQL> show parameter passNAME TYPE VALUE--------------------- ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string NONE

remote:

E:/Oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:39:22 2004

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

此處實際上是無法通過口令文件驗證2.remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive

SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;System altered.SQL> startup force;ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 131142648 bytesFixed Size 451576 bytesVariable Size 104857600 bytesDatabase Buffers 25165824 bytesRedo Buffers 667648 bytesDatabase mounted.Database opened.SQL> show parameter passNAME TYPE VALUE------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string EXCLUSIVESQL> alter user sys identified by oracle;User altered.

remote:

E:/Oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:47:11 2004

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba
已連接。
SQL> show user
USER 為"SYS"
SQL>

這實際上就是通過口令文件驗證登錄的
3.進一步測試

假如此時我們刪除passwdfile,sysdba/sysoper將無法認證，也就無法登陸數據庫
Server:

SQL> !
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls orapwhsjf
orapwhsjf
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak
[oracle@jumper dbs]$

Remote:

E:/Oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:50:14 2004

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.

SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba
ERROR:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

SQL>

這實際上就是無法通過口令文件驗證身份 4.假如丟失了passwdfile

假如使用passwdfile卻意外丟失，此時將不能啟動數據庫

SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes
Fixed Size 451576 bytes
Variable Size 104857600 bytes
Database Buffers 25165824 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'
ORA-27037: unable to oBTain file status
linux Error: 2: No such file or Directory
Additional information: 3

此時可以通過orapwd重建口令文件來解決
此處我們恢復口令文件既可

SQL> !
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ mv $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwhsjf.bak orapwhsjf
[oracle@jumper oracle]$ exit
exit

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

SQL>

大致就是如此. 5. remote_login_passwordfile = shared我們看一下Oracle9i文檔中的說明:SHARED More than one database can use a password file. However, the only user recognized by the password file is SYS.
意思是說多個數據庫可以共享一個口令文件,但是只可以識別一個用戶:SYS

SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
------------------------------ ----- -----
SYS TRUE TRUESQL> grant sysdba to eygle;
grant sysdba to eygle
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01994: GRANT failed: cannot add users to public password file
SQL> show parameter passwordNAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED

我們看到,此時的口令文件中是不能添加用戶的.很多人的疑問在于:口令文件的缺省名稱是orapw<sid>,怎么能夠共享? 實際上是這樣的: Oracle數據庫在啟動時,首先查找的是orapw<sid>的口令文件,假如該文件不存在,則開始查找,orapw的口令文件
假如口令文件命名為orapw,多個數據庫就可以共享.我們看一下測試:

[oracle@jumper dbs]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Jul 6 09:40:34 2004Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.Connected to:Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionWith the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining optionsJServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - ProductionSQL> shutdown immediateDatabase closed.Database dismounted.ORACLE instance shut down.SQL> ![oracle@jumper dbs]$ lshsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf spfilehsjf.ora[oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexitSQL> startupORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 235999908 bytesFixed Size 451236 bytesVariable Size 201326592 bytesDatabase Buffers 33554432 bytesRedo Buffers 667648 bytesORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'--這是最后查找的文件ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusLinux Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3

我們建立orapw口令文件,這時候可以打開數據庫.

SQL> ![oracle@jumper dbs]$ lshsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf.bak spfilehsjf.ora[oracle@jumper dbs]$ cp orapwhsjf.bak orapw[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exitexitSQL> alter database open;Database altered.SQL> show parameter passwNAME TYPE VALUE------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string SHAREDSQL>

那么你可能會有這樣的疑問,多個Exclusive的數據庫是否可以共享一個口令文件(orapw)呢?我們繼續這個實驗:

SQL> show parameter passwordNAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw
]/[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
INTERNAL
AB27B53EDC5FEF41
8A8F025737A9097A

注重這里僅記錄著INTERNAL/SYS的口令REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE 時

SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;System altered.SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes
Fixed Size 451236 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> !

[oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw
]/[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
HSJF
INTERNAL
AB27B53EDC5FEF41
8A8F025737A9097A
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ exit
exit

注重這里,以EXCLUSIVE 方式啟動以后,實例名稱信息被寫入口令文件.此時假如有其他實例以Exclusive模式啟動仍然可以使用這個口令文件,口令文件中的實例名稱同時被改寫.也就是說,數據庫只在啟動過程中才讀取口令文件,數據庫運行過程中并不鎖定該文件,類似于pfile/spfile文件.

SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
------------------------------ ----- -----
SYS TRUE TRUESQL> grant sysdba to eygle;Grant succeeded.SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP
------------------------------ ----- -----
SYS TRUE TRUE
EYGLE TRUE FALSESQL> !
[oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw
]/[Z
ORACLE Remote Password file
HSJF
INTERNAL
AB27B53EDC5FEF41
8A8F025737A9097A
>EYGLE
B726E09FE21F8E83

注重此時可以增加SYSDBA用戶，并且這些信息可以被寫入到口令文件.一旦口令文件中增加了其他SYSDBA用戶,此文件不再能夠被其他Exclusive的實例共享.
實際上，口令文件對于其他用戶來說就是啟到了一個 sudo 的作用.
6.重建口令文件假如口令文件丟失,可以使用orapwd可以重建口令文件，語法如下:

[oracle@jumper oracle]$ orapwd
Usage: orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users> where
file - name of password file (mand),
password - password for SYS (mand),
entries - maximum number of distinct DBA and OPERs (opt),
There are no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.

上一篇：將oracle加載為linux標準系統服務腳本

下一篇：oracle是如何工作的（zt）--比較形象