在數據庫沒有啟動之前，數據庫內建用戶是無法通過數據庫來驗證身份的。
口令文件中存放sysdba/sysoper用戶的用戶名及口令，允許用戶通過口令文件驗證，在數據庫未啟動之前登陸，從而啟動數據庫。
如果沒有口令文件，在數據庫未啟動之前就只能通過操作系統認證.
使用rman，很多時候需要在nomount,mount等狀態對數據庫進行處理所以通常要求sysdba權限如果屬于本地dba組，可以通過操作系統認證登陸如果是遠程sysdba登陸，需要通過passwordfile認證.
1.remote_login_passwordfile = none
此時停用口令文件驗證，oracle數據庫不允許遠程sysdba/sysoper身份登錄無法通過遠程進行數據庫起停等操作管理
local:
[[email protected] oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
sql*plus: release 9.2.0.3.0 - production on thu apr 15 09:58:45 2004
copyright (c) 1982, 2002, oracle corporation. all rights reserved.
connected to:oracle9i enterprise edition release 9.2.0.3.0 - productionwith the partitioning, olap and oracle data mining optionsjserver release 9.2.0.3.0 - production
sql> alter user sys identified by oracle;
user altered.
sql> show parameter pass
name type value--------------------- ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string none
remote:
e:/oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nologsql*plus: release 9.2.0.4.0 - production on 星期四 4月 15 09:39:22 2004copyright (c) 1982, 2002, oracle corporation. all rights reserved.sql> connect sys/[email protected] as sysdbaerror:ora-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
此處實際上是無法通過口令文件驗證
2.remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive
sql> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;
system altered.
sql> startup force;oracle instance started.
total system global area 131142648 bytesfixed size 451576 bytesvariable size 104857600 bytesdatabase buffers 25165824 bytesredo buffers 667648 bytesdatabase mounted.database opened.sql> show parameter pass
name type value------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string exclusivesql> alter user sys identified by oracle;
user altered.
remote:
e:/oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nologsql*plus: release 9.2.0.4.0 - production on 星期四 4月 15 09:47:11 2004copyright (c) 1982, 2002, oracle corporation. all rights reserved.sql> connect sys/[email protected] as sysdba已連接。sql> show useruser 為"sys"sql>
這實際上就是通過口令文件驗證登錄的
3.進一步測試
如果此時我們刪除passwdfile,sysdba/sysoper將無法認證，也就無法登陸數據庫
server:
sql> ![[email protected] oracle]$ cd $oracle_home/dbs[[email protected] dbs]$ ls orapwhsjforapwhsjf[[email protected] dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak[[email protected] dbs]$
remote:
e:/oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nolog
sql*plus: release 9.2.0.4.0 - production on 星期四 4月 15 09:50:14 2004
copyright (c) 1982, 2002, oracle corporation. all rights reserved.
sql> connect sys/[email protected] as sysdbaerror:ora-01031: insufficient privileges
sql>
這實際上就是無法通過口令文件驗證身份
4.如果丟失了passwdfile
如果使用passwdfile卻意外丟失，此時將不能啟動數據庫
sql> startup force;oracle instance started.
total system global area 131142648 bytesfixed size 451576 bytesvariable size 104857600 bytesdatabase buffers 25165824 bytesredo buffers 667648 bytesora-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'ora-27037: unable to obtain file statuslinux error: 2: no such file or directoryadditional information: 3
此時可以通過orapwd重建口令文件來解決此處我們恢復口令文件既可
sql> ![[email protected] oracle]$ mv $oracle_home/dbs/orapwhsjf.bak orapwhsjf[[email protected] oracle]$ exitexit
sql> alter database open;
database altered.
sql>
大致就是如此.
5. remote_login_passwordfile = shared
我們看一下oracle9i文檔中的說明:
shared
more than one database can use a password file. however, the only user recognized by the password file is sys.
意思是說多個數據庫可以共享一個口令文件,但是只可以識別一個用戶:sys
sql> select * from v$pwfile_users;
username sysdb sysop------------------------------ ----- -----sys true true
sql> grant sysdba to eygle;grant sysdba to eygle*error at line 1:ora-01994: grant failed: cannot add users to public password file
sql> show parameter password
name type value------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string shared
我們看到,此時的口令文件中是不能添加用戶的.
很多人的疑問在于:口令文件的缺省名稱是orapw<sid>,怎么能夠共享?
實際上是這樣的: oracle數據庫在啟動時,首先查找的是orapw<sid>的口令文件,如果該文件不存在,則開始查找,orapw的口令文件如果口令文件命名為orapw,多個數據庫就可以共享.
我們看一下測試:
[[email protected] dbs]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
sql*plus: release 9.2.0.3.0 - production on tue jul 6 09:40:34 2004
copyright (c) 1982, 2002, oracle corporation. all rights reserved.
connected to:oracle9i enterprise edition release 9.2.0.3.0 - productionwith the partitioning, olap and oracle data mining optionsjserver release 9.2.0.3.0 - production
sql> shutdown immediatedatabase closed.database dismounted.oracle instance shut down.sql> ![[email protected] dbs]$ lshsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkhsjf orapwhsjf spfilehsjf.ora[[email protected] dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak[[email protected] dbs]$ exitexit
sql> startuporacle instance started.
total system global area 235999908 bytesfixed size 451236 bytesvariable size 201326592 bytesdatabase buffers 33554432 bytesredo buffers 667648 bytesora-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'--這是最后查找的文件ora-27037: unable to obtain file statuslinux error: 2: no such file or directoryadditional information: 3
我們建立orapw口令文件,這時候可以打開數據庫.
sql> ![[email protected] dbs]$ lshsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkhsjf orapwhsjf.bak spfilehsjf.ora[[email protected] dbs]$ cp orapwhsjf.bak orapw[[email protected] dbs]$ exitexit
sql> alter database open;
database altered.
sql> show parameter passw
name type value------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string sharedsql>
那么你可能會有這樣的疑問,多個exclusive的數據庫是否可以共享一個口令文件(orapw)呢?
我們繼續這個實驗:
sql> show parameter passwordname type value------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------remote_login_passwordfile string shared
[[email protected] dbs]$ strings orapw]/[zoracle remote password fileinternalab27b53edc5fef418a8f025737a9097a
注意這里僅記錄著internal/sys的口令
remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive 時
sql> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile;system altered.
sql> startup force;oracle instance started.
total system global area 235999908 bytesfixed size 451236 bytesvariable size 201326592 bytesdatabase buffers 33554432 bytesredo buffers 667648 bytesdatabase mounted.database opened.sql> !
[[email protected] bin]$ cd $oracle_home/dbs[[email protected] dbs]$ strings orapw]/[zoracle remote password filehsjfinternalab27b53edc5fef418a8f025737a9097a[[email protected] dbs]$ exitexit
注意這里,以exclusive 方式啟動以后,實例名稱信息被寫入口令文件.
此時如果有其他實例以exclusive模式啟動仍然可以使用這個口令文件,口令文件中的實例名稱同時被改寫.
也就是說,數據庫只在啟動過程中才讀取口令文件,數據庫運行過程中并不鎖定該文件,類似于pfile/spfile文件.
sql> select * from v$pwfile_users;username sysdb sysop------------------------------ ----- -----sys true true
sql> grant sysdba to eygle;
grant succeeded.
sql> select * from v$pwfile_users;
username sysdb sysop------------------------------ ----- -----sys true trueeygle true false
sql> ![[email protected] bin]$ cd $oracle_home/dbs[[email protected] dbs]$ strings orapw]/[zoracle remote password filehsjfinternalab27b53edc5fef418a8f025737a9097a>eygleb726e09fe21f8e83
注意此時可以增加sysdba用戶，并且這些信息可以被寫入到口令文件.
一旦口令文件中增加了其他sysdba用戶,此文件不再能夠被其他exclusive的實例共享.
實際上，口令文件對于其他用戶來說就是啟到了一個 sudo 的作用.
6.重建口令文件
如果口令文件丟失,可以使用orapwd可以重建口令文件，語法如下:
[[email protected] oracle]$ orapwdusage: orapwd file=<fname> password=<password> entries=<users> wherefile - name of password file (mand),password - password for sys (mand),entries - maximum number of distinct dba and opers (opt), there are no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.
