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mysql主從復制讀寫分離的配置方法詳解

2024-07-25 19:08:16
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一、說明

前面我們說了mysql的安裝配置,mysql語句使用以及備份恢復mysql數據;本次要介紹的是mysql的主從復制,讀寫分離;及高可用MHA;

環境如下:

master:CentOS7_x64 mysql5.721 172.16.3.175 db1
slave1:CentOS7_x64 mysql5.7.21 172.16.3.235 db2
slave2:CentOS7_x64 mysql5.7.21 172.16.3.235 db3
proxysql/MHA:CentOS7_x64 mysql5.7.21 172.16.3.235 proxysql

架構圖:

mysql,主從,讀寫分離,mysql主從分離,mysql數據庫主從分離

說明:

配置測試時為了方便關閉了防火墻頭,selinux安全策略;
現實中請開放防火墻策略;myslqdb的安裝已經有腳本一鍵安裝并配置好;這里就不在重復配置;只對對應的角色貼出對應的配置或安裝與之相關的軟件;

二、主從復制配置

一臺主數據庫,N從節點;從節點開啟兩個線程,通過Slave_IO_Running線程和主節點上有權限的賬號從 主數據庫節點復制binlog日志到本地,能過Slave_SQL_Running線程在本地執行binlog日志,達到主從節點內容同步;

master配置:

egrep -v '(^$|^#)' /usr/local/mysql/etc/my.cnf[mysqld]datadir=/data1/mysqldbsocket=/tmp/mysql.sockkey_buffer_size   = 16Mmax_allowed_packet  = 16Mthread_stack   = 192Kthread_cache_size  = 8query_cache_limit  = 1Mquery_cache_size  = 64Mquery_cache_type  = 1symbolic-links=0innodb_file_per_table=ONskip_name_resolve=ONserver-id  = 1log_bin   = /data1/mysqldb/mysql-bin.log[mysqld_safe]log-error=/usr/local/mysql/logs/error.logpid-file=/data1/mysqldb/mysql.pid!includedir /usr/local/mysql/etc/my.cnf.d

創建從節點同步賬號:

mysql > grant replication client,replication slave on *.* to 'repluser'@'172.16.3.%' identified by 'replpass';mysql > flush privileges;mysql >show master logs;+------------------+-----------+| Log_name   | File_size |+------------------+-----------+| mysql-bin.000001 |  622 |
主節點上的binlog日志文件及位置;請記下;從節點第一次同步時需要用;

slave節點:

 

egrep -v '(^$|^#)' /usr/local/mysql/etc/my.cnf[mysqld]datadir=/data1/mysqldbsocket=/data1/mysqldb/mysql.sockkey_buffer_size   = 16Mmax_allowed_packet  = 16Mthread_stack   = 192Kthread_cache_size  = 8query_cache_limit  = 1Mquery_cache_size  = 64Mquery_cache_type  = 1symbolic-links=0innodb_file_per_table=ONskip_name_resolve=ONserver-id    = 11   #從節點標識ID 各從節點均不一樣 relay_log = relay-logread_only=ON[mysqld_safe]log-error=/usr/local/mysql/log/error.logpid-file=/var/run/mysql/mysql.pid!includedir /usr/local/mysql/etc/my.cnf.d

啟動mysq數據庫

注意:兩臺從節點的server-id 值不一樣;其他的都一樣;因此從節點只展示一個配置文件;
登錄數據庫并同步數據啟動slave

兩臺slave均要同步并啟動

mysql > CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST="172.16.3.175",MASTER_USER="repluser",MASTER_PASSWORD="replpass",MASTER_PORT=3306,MASTER_LOG_FILE="mysql-bin.000001",MASTER_LOG_POS=622;mysql > start slave;  #啟動從節點()#查看從節點狀態mysql > SHOW SLAVE STATUS;*************************** 1. row ***************************    Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event     Master_Host: 172.16.3.175     #主節點     Master_User: repluser       #同步賬號     Master_Port: 3306    Connect_Retry: 60    Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001   Read_Master_Log_Pos: 622    Relay_Log_File: relay-log.000001    Relay_Log_Pos: 582  Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001    Slave_IO_Running: Yes      #同步線程正常   Slave_SQL_Running: Yes     #本地寫線程正常    Replicate_Do_DB:        #同步過濾為空(可以只同步某個或某些庫)   Replicate_Ignore_DB:        #不同步的庫   Replicate_Do_Table:        Replicate_Ignore_Table:   Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:      Last_Errno: 0    #最后同步的錯誤 0表示正常同步     Last_Error:      Skip_Counter: 0   Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 622    Relay_Log_Space: 615    Until_Condition: None    Until_Log_File:     Until_Log_Pos: 0   Master_SSL_Allowed: No   Master_SSL_CA_File:    Master_SSL_CA_Path:     Master_SSL_Cert:    Master_SSL_Cipher:     Master_SSL_Key:   Seconds_Behind_Master: 0Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No    Last_IO_Errno: 0    Last_IO_Error:     Last_SQL_Errno: 0    Last_SQL_Error:  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:     Master_Server_Id: 1     Master_UUID: 57017c43-36e3-11e8-ac76-080027393fc7    Master_Info_File: /data1/mysqldb/master.info     SQL_Delay: 0   SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL  Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates   Master_Retry_Count: 86400     Master_Bind:   Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:   Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:     Master_SSL_Crl:    Master_SSL_Crlpath:    Retrieved_Gtid_Set:    Executed_Gtid_Set:     Auto_Position: 0   Replicate_Rewrite_DB:      Channel_Name:    Master_TLS_Version: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)ERROR: No query specified

測試主從同步

在master導入測試數據;修改數據并查看slave 中的數據是否一致;

[root@db1 ~]# mysql < Testdb.sql登錄數據庫[root@db1 ~]# mysql -uroot -pmysql> show databases;+--------------------+| Database   |+--------------------+ study    |+--------------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)###study測試數據庫導入成功mysql> use study;Database changedmysql> show tables;+-----------------+| Tables_in_study |+-----------------+| class   || course   || part   || score   || student   || tb31   || tb32   || teacher   || test1   || test2   || user_info  |+-----------------+11 rows in set (0.00 sec)#刪除test1 test2表

slave從節點上查看

mysql> show tables;+-----------------+| Tables_in_study |+-----------------+| class   || course   || part   || score   || student   || tb31   || tb32   || teacher   || user_info  |+-----------------+9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

數據已經可以正常同步;注意主從同步只需要第一次手動啟動;之后都隨mysql服務自動啟動;主從同步架構只方便了數據的同步,此時如果沒有 第三方工具介入想做到讀寫分離就需要在程序中去做,難免出錯;而出錯了,就需要手動同步數據;這里通過proxysql來做讀寫分離;

三、proxysql之讀寫分離

以上已經完成了主從復制配置;然而這只是一個基本配置,加上一個proxysql實現mysql讀寫分離,proxysql類似haproxy七層代理路由功能且支持MySQL 協議的的數據庫代理;是dba開發給dba使用的;用戶請求發向proxysql,如果是寫請求發往主節點;讀請求發下從節點組中;以此實現讀寫分離;一定程序上減輕了主數據庫的io壓力;
下載安裝proxysql
目前最新版本是1.4.7-1(由于最新版本有問題)
我們這里下載使用1.3.6-1的基于CentOS7的rpm包;下載到本地并yum安裝

[root@proxysql ~]# yum install proxysql-1.3.6-1-centos7.x86_64.rpm -y[root@proxysql ~]# rpm -ql proxysql/etc/init.d/proxysql/etc/proxysql.cnf  #主配置文件/usr/bin/proxysql/usr/share/proxysql/tools/proxysql_galera_checker.sh/usr/share/proxysql/tools/proxysql_galera_writer.pl

配置如下:

在配置proxysql之前需要在主節點配置授權賬號以作proxysql對主從節點操作;另外proxysql上的mysql客戶端工具需要和主從節點上的保持一致;
在主節點master上授權登錄賬號:

mysql > GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'myadmin'@'172.16.3.%' identified by 'mypass';

proxysql.cnf配置

[root@proxysql ~]# egrep -v '(^$|^#)' /etc/proxysql.cnfdatadir="/var/lib/proxysql"admin_variables={  admin_credentials="admin:admin"    #proxysql自己的管理用戶名密碼 mysql_ifaces="127.0.0.1:6032;/tmp/proxysql_admin.sock"}mysql_variables={ threads=4       #線程數,建議和cpu核心數一致 max_connections=2048  #最大連接 default_query_delay=0 default_query_timeout=36000000 have_compress=true poll_timeout=2000 interfaces="0.0.0.0:3306;/tmp/proxysql.sock"    #對外接口 default_schema="information_schema" stacksize=1048576 server_version="5.5.30" connect_timeout_server=3000 monitor_username="monitor" monitor_password="monitor" monitor_history=600000 monitor_connect_interval=60000 monitor_ping_interval=10000 monitor_read_only_interval=1500 monitor_read_only_timeout=500 ping_interval_server_msec=120000 ping_timeout_server=500 commands_stats=true sessions_sort=true connect_retries_on_failure=10}#####主從節點的配置mysql_servers =      ( {  address = "172.16.3.175" # no default, required . If port is 0 , address is interpred as a Unix Socket Domain  port = 3306   # no default, required . If port is 0 , address is interpred as a Unix Socket Domain  hostgroup = 1   # 設置組號  status = "ONLINE"  # default: ONLINE  weight = 1   # default: 1  compression = 0  # default: 0  max_connections = 200   ###定義最大的連接 }, {  address = "172.16.3.235" # no default, required . If port is 0 , address is interpred as a Unix Socket Domain  port = 3306   # no default, required . If port is 0 , address is interpred as a Unix Socket Domain  hostgroup = 2   # no default, required  status = "ONLINE"  # default: ONLINE  weight = 1   # default: 1  compression = 0  # default: 0  max_connections=1000 }, {  address = "172.16.3.241" # no default, required . If port is 0 , address is interpred as a Unix Socket Domain  port = 3306   # no default, required . If port is 0 , address is interpred as a Unix Socket Domain  hostgroup = 2   # no default, required  status = "ONLINE"  # default: ONLINE  weight = 1   # default: 1  compression = 0  # default: 0  max_connections=1000 })mysql_users:( {  username = "myadmin" # no default , required  password = "mypass" # default: ''  default_hostgroup = 1 # default: 0  max_connections=1000  default_schema="test"  active = 1   #是否激活 })mysql_query_rules:()scheduler=()mysql_replication_hostgroups=(  {    writer_hostgroup=1   #定義寫組號1    reader_hostgroup=2  #定義讀組號2    comment="test repl 1" #注釋內容  })

啟動proxysql服務


[root@proxysql ~]# service proxysql start

測試proxysql

模擬通過proxysql使用數據庫[root@proxysql ]# mysql -h172.16.3.175 -umyadmin -pmypassmysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or /g.Your MySQL connection id is 17406Server version: 5.7.21-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type 'help;' or '/h' for help. Type '/c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> mysql > show databases;mysql> show databases;+--------------------+| Database   |+--------------------+| information_schema || mysql    || performance_schema || study    || sys    |+--------------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)###刪除study數據庫user_info中6 -12之間的數據刪除之前:mysql> select * from user_info;+-----+-------+------+--------+----------+| nid | name | age | gender | part_nid |+-----+-------+------+--------+----------+| 1 | san | 20 | 男  |  1 || 2 | dong | 29 | 男  |  2 || 4 | Ling | 28 | 男  |  4 || 5 | ling | 28 | 男  |  3 || 6 | dong | 30 | 男  |  1 || 7 | b  | 11 | 女  |  1 || 8 | c  | 12 | 女  |  1 || 9 | d  | 18 | 女  |  4 || 10 | e  | 22 | 男  |  3 || 11 | f  | 23 | 男  |  2 || 12 | dongy | 22 | 男  |  1 |+-----+-------+------+--------+----------+11 rows in set (0.00 sec)刪除之后:mysql> delete from user_info where nid >6 and nid <12;Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.03 sec)mysql> select * from user_info;+-----+-------+------+--------+----------+| nid | name | age | gender | part_nid |+-----+-------+------+--------+----------+| 1 | san | 20 | 男  |  1 || 2 | dong | 29 | 男  |  2 || 4 | Ling | 28 | 男  |  4 || 5 | ling | 28 | 男  |  3 || 6 | dong | 30 | 男  |  1 || 12 | dongy | 22 | 男  |  1 |+-----+-------+------+--------+----------+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

到主從節點上查看,會發現以上的查和修改數據都被proxysql正確的代理到后端處理了;
以上看了并不直觀;為了查看proxysql與各主從節點通訊我們在主從節點上安裝tcpdump并過濾包

主節點:類似如下:[root@db1 ~]# tcpdump -i enp0s3 -nn tcp port 3306tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decodelistening on enp0s3, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes18:04:34.678861 IP 172.16.3.254.42191 > 172.16.3.175.3306: Flags [S], seq 3385407732, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 17576713 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 018:04:34.678908 IP 172.16.3.175.3306 > 172.16.3.254.42191: Flags [S.], seq 1579426335, ack 3385407733, win 28960, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 29413673 ecr 17576713,nop,wscale 7], length 018:04:34.680902 IP 172.16.3.254.42191 > 172.16.3.175.3306: Flags [.], ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 17576715 ecr 29413673], length 018:04:34.681264 IP 172.16.3.175.3306 > 172.16.3.254.42191: Flags [P.], seq 1:83, ack 1, win 227, options [nop,nop,TS val 29413675 ecr 17576715], length 82....從節點:類似如下:[root@db2 data1]# tcpdump -i enp0s3 -nn tcp port 3306tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decodelistening on enp0s3, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes18:02:57.932043 IP 172.16.3.254.42733 > 172.16.3.235.3306: Flags [S], seq 76520456, win 29200, options [mss 1460,sackOK,TS val 17479189 ecr 0,nop,wscale 7], length 0...........

proxysql命令行管理接口:支持運行時修改

 [root@proxysql]# mysql -u admin -padmin -h 127.0.0.1 -P6032 --prompt='Admin> 'Admin> show databases;+-----+---------+-------------------------------+| seq | name | file       |+-----+---------+-------------------------------+| 0 | main |        || 2 | disk | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db || 3 | stats |        || 4 | monitor |        |+-----+---------+-------------------------------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

以上stats,monitor,main都從配置文件中獲取的數據庫;可以通過類似mysql運行時修改;而不需要重啟;

至此我們基于proxysql主從復制讀寫分離架構已經完成;
雙主或多主模型是無須實現讀寫分離,僅需要負載均衡:haproxy, nginx, lvs等;
proxysql并沒有解決,當主數據巖機時的問題;此時就需要量MHA來解決 ;后續再介紹;


注:相關教程知識閱讀請移步到MYSQL教程頻道。
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