count()是用來統計數據表中所有記錄的一個函數了,但在此函數在innodb中性能不怎么樣了,下面我們來看看mysql中innodb表中count()優化,希望例子對各位有幫助.
起因:在innodb表上做count(*)統計實在是太慢了,因此想辦法看能不能再快點.
現象:先來看幾個測試案例,如下.
一、sbtest 表上的測試.
- show create table sbtest\G
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Table: sbtest
- Create Table: CREATE TABLE `sbtest` (
- `aid` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment,
- `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
- `k` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
- `c` char(120) NOT NULL default '',
- `pad` char(60) NOT NULL default '',
- PRIMARY KEY (`aid`),
- KEY `k` (`k`),
- KEY `id` (`id`)
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1000001 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
- show index from sbtest;
- +--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
- | Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | --Vevb.com
- +--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
- | sbtest | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | aid | A | 1000099 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | |
- | sbtest | 1 | k | 1 | k | A | 18 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | |
- | sbtest | 1 | id | 1 | id | A | 1000099 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | |
- +--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
填充了 100萬條 記錄.
1、直接 count(*)
- explain SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest;
- +----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
- | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
- +----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | sbtest | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 8 | NULL | 1000099 | Using index |
- +----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
- SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest;
- +----------+
- | COUNT(*) |
- +----------+
- | 1000000 |
- +----------+
- 1 row in set (1.42 sec)
可以看到,如果不加任何條件,那么優化器優先采用 primary key 來進行掃描.
2、count(*) 使用 primary key 字段做條件.
- explain SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest WHERE aid>=0;
- +----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
- +----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | sbtest | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | NULL | 485600 | Using where; Using index |
- +----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest WHERE aid>=0;
- +----------+
- | COUNT(*) |
- +----------+
- | 1000000 |
- +----------+
- 1 row in set (1.39 sec)
可以看到,盡管優化器認為只需要掃描 485600 條記錄(其實是索引),比剛才少多了,但其實仍然要做全表(索引)掃描,因此耗時和第一種相當.
3、count(*) 使用 secondary index 字段做條件
- explain SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest WHERE id>=0;
- +----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
- +----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | sbtest | range | id | id | 4 | NULL | 500049 | Using where; Using index |
- +----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest WHERE id>=0;
- +----------+
- | COUNT(*) |
- +----------+
- | 1000000 |
- +----------+
- 1 row in set (0.43 sec)
可以看到,采用這種方式查詢會非常快,有人也許會問了,會不會是因為 id 字段的長度比 aid 字段的長度來的小,導致它掃描起來比較快呢?先不著急下結論,咱們來看看下面的測試例子.
二、sbtest1 表上的測試
- show create table sbtest1\G
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Table: sbtest1
- Create Table: CREATE TABLE `sbtest1` (
- `aid` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
- `id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
- `k` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
- `c` char(120) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
- `pad` char(60) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
- PRIMARY KEY (`aid`),
- KEY `k` (`k`),
- KEY `id` (`id`)
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1000001 DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
- show index from sbtest1;
- +---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
- | Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment |
- +---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
- | sbtest1 | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | aid | A | 1000099 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | |
- | sbtest1 | 1 | k | 1 | k | A | 18 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | |
- | sbtest1 | 1 | id | 1 | id | A | 1000099 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | |
- +---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+
這個表里,把 aid 和 id 的字段長度調換了一下,也填充了 1000萬條記錄.
1、直接 count(*).
- explain SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest1;
- +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
- | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
- +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | sbtest1 | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 1000099 | Using index |
- +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
- SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest1;
- +----------+
- | COUNT(*) |
- +----------+
- | 1000000 |
- +----------+
- 1 row in set (1.42 sec)
可以看到,如果不加任何條件,那么優化器優先采用 primary key 來進行掃描.
2、count(*) 使用 primary key 字段做條件.
- explain SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest1 WHERE aid>=0;
- +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
- +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | sbtest1 | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 316200 | Using where; Using index |
- +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest1 WHERE aid>=0;
- +----------+
- | COUNT(*) |
- +----------+
- | 1000000 |
- +----------+
- 1 row in set (1.42 sec)
可以看到,盡管優化器認為只需要掃描 485600 條記錄(其實是索引),比剛才少多了,但其實仍然要做全表(索引)掃描,因此耗時和第一種相當.
3、count(*) 使用 secondary index 字段做條件.
- explain SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest1 WHERE id>=0;
- +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
- +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- | 1 | SIMPLE | sbtest1 | range | id | id | 8 | NULL | 500049 | Using where; Using index |
- +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sbtest1 WHERE id>=0;
- +----------+
- | COUNT(*) |
- +----------+
- | 1000000 |
- +----------+
- 1 row in set (0.45 sec)
可以看到,采用這種方式查詢會非常快,上面的所有測試,均在 mysql 5.1.24 環境下通過,并且每次查詢前都重啟了 mysqld.
可以看到,把 aid 和 id 的長度調換之后,采用 secondary index 查詢仍然是要比用 primary key 查詢來的快很多。看來主要不是字段長度引起的索引掃描快慢,而是采用 primary key 以及 secondary index 引起的區別,那么,為什么用 secondary index 掃描反而比 primary key 掃描來的要快呢?我們就需要了解innodb的 clustered index 和secondary index 之間的區別了.
innodb 的 clustered index 是把 primary key 以及 row data 保存在一起的,而 secondary index 則是單獨存放,然后有個指針指向 primary key,因此,需要進行 count(*) 統計表記錄總數時,利用 secondary index 掃描起來,顯然更快,而primary key則主要在掃描索引,同時要返回結果記錄時的作用較大,例如:
SELECT * FROM sbtest WHERE aid = xxx;
那既然是使用 secondary index 會比 primary key 更快,為何優化器卻優先選擇 primary key 來掃描呢,Heikki Tuuri 的回答是:
- in the example table, the secondary index is inserted into in a perfect order! That is
- very unusual. Normally the secondary index would be fragmented, causing random disk I/O,
- and the scan would be slower than in the primary index.
- I am changing this to a feature request: keep 'clustering ratio' statistics on a secondary
- index and do the scan there if the order is almost the same as in the primary index. I
- doubt this feature will ever be implemented, though.
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