本文講解了mysql中恢復(fù)損壞數(shù)據(jù)的操作方法。
環(huán)境:windows2003 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):mysql 損壞數(shù)據(jù)文件名:function_products
將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)內(nèi)容物理文件直接導(dǎo)入到mysql/data下,每只表各3個(gè)文件,依次分別為:.frm .MYD .MYI
首先我第一想到的是去網(wǎng)上搜索,尋找類似的工具,試圖通過(guò)工具來(lái)恢復(fù)已損壞的文件,于是我在GOOGLE上查找,找到一款名為MySQLRecovery的工具,安裝后我用其進(jìn)行恢復(fù),只可惜效果太不理想,幾十M大的數(shù)據(jù)文件,恢復(fù)之后它提示我竟然只有幾十K。
我又想到了mysql下應(yīng)有自己本身的修復(fù)程序等,于是想通過(guò)其來(lái)進(jìn)行恢復(fù),在網(wǎng)上查找了資料,提示:由于臨時(shí)斷電,使用kill -9中止MySQL服務(wù)進(jìn)程,或者是mysql正在高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制備份操作時(shí)等,所有的這些都可能會(huì)毀壞MySQL的數(shù)據(jù)文件。如果在被干擾時(shí),服務(wù)正在改變文件,文件可能會(huì)留下錯(cuò)誤的或不一致的狀態(tài)。因?yàn)檫@樣的毀壞有時(shí)是不容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)的,當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤時(shí)可能是很久以后的事了。
于是,當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題時(shí),也許所有的備份都有同樣的錯(cuò)誤。
我想我現(xiàn)在碰到的問(wèn)題可能是這個(gè)問(wèn)題,因?yàn)閭浞莸臄?shù)據(jù)也是有部分損壞的數(shù)據(jù),所以導(dǎo)致不能完全運(yùn)行,意識(shí)到myisamchk程序?qū)τ脕?lái)檢查和修改的MySQL數(shù)據(jù)文件的訪問(wèn)應(yīng)該是唯一的。如果MySQL服務(wù)正在使用某一文件,并對(duì)myisamchk正在檢查的文件進(jìn)行修改,myisamchk會(huì)誤以為發(fā)生了錯(cuò)誤,并會(huì)試圖進(jìn)行修復(fù)–這將導(dǎo)致MySQL服務(wù)的崩潰!這樣,要避免這種情況的發(fā)生,通常我們需要在工作時(shí)關(guān)閉MySQL服務(wù)。作為選擇,你也可以暫時(shí)關(guān)閉服務(wù)以制作一個(gè)文件的拷貝,然后在這個(gè)拷貝上工作。當(dāng)你做完了以后,重新關(guān)閉服務(wù)并使用新的文件取代原來(lái)的文件(也許你還需要使用期間的變更日志)。
MySQL數(shù)據(jù)目錄不是太難理解的。每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)子目錄,每個(gè)子目錄中包含了對(duì)應(yīng)于這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的數(shù)據(jù)表的文件。每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表對(duì)應(yīng)三個(gè)文件,它們和表名相同,但是具有不同的擴(kuò)展名。tblName.frm文件是表的定義,它保存了表中包含的數(shù)據(jù)列的內(nèi)容和類型。tblName.MYD文件包含了表中的數(shù)據(jù)。tblName.MYI文件包含了表的索引(例如,它可能包含lookup表以幫助提高對(duì)表的主鍵列的查詢)。
要檢查一個(gè)表的錯(cuò)誤,只需要運(yùn)行myisamchk(在MySQL的bin目錄下)并提供文件的位置和表名,或者是表的索引文件名:
% myisamchk /usr/local/mysql/var/dbName/tblName
% myisamchk /usr/local/mysql/var/dbName/tblName.MYI
上面的兩個(gè)命令都可以執(zhí)行對(duì)指定表的檢查。要檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中所有的表,可以使用通配符:
% myisamchk /usr/local/mysql/var/dbName/*.MYI
要檢查所有數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的所有表,可以使用兩個(gè)通配符:
% myisamchk /usr/local/mysql/var/*/*.MYI
如果不帶任何選項(xiàng),myisamchk將對(duì)表文件執(zhí)行普通的檢查。如果你對(duì)一個(gè)表有懷疑,但是普通的檢查不能發(fā)現(xiàn)任何錯(cuò)誤,你可以執(zhí)行更徹底的檢查(但是也更慢!),這需要使用–extend-check選項(xiàng):
% myisamchk –extend-check /path/to/tblName
對(duì)錯(cuò)誤的檢查是沒(méi)有破壞性的,這意味著你不必?fù)?dān)心執(zhí)行對(duì)你的數(shù)據(jù)文件的檢查會(huì)使已經(jīng)存在的問(wèn)題變得更糟。另一方面,修復(fù)選項(xiàng),雖然通常也是安全的,但是它對(duì)你的數(shù)據(jù)文件的更改是無(wú)法撤消的。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因,我們強(qiáng)烈推薦你試圖修復(fù)一個(gè)被破壞的表文件時(shí)首先做個(gè)備份,并確保在制作這個(gè)備份之前你的MySQL服務(wù)是關(guān)閉的。
我在win2003下通過(guò)命令提示符,輸入:
注:此為記錄我當(dāng)時(shí)操作的全部過(guò)程
D:/Documents and Settings/Administrator>c:
C:/>cd mysql
C:/mysql>cd data
C:/mysql/data>cd hw_enterprice
C:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice>myisamchk function_products.frm
‘myisamchk’ 不是內(nèi)部或外部命令,也不是可運(yùn)行的程序或批處理文件。
C:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice>cd/
C:/>cd mysql
C:/mysql>cd bin
注:查看myisamchk的幫助信息
以下為引用的內(nèi)容:
C:/MySQL/bin>myisamchkmyisamchk Ver 2.6 for Win95/Win98 at i32By Monty, for your professional useThis software comes with NO WARRANTY: see the PUBLIC for details.Description, check and repair of ISAM tables.Used without options all tables on the command will be checked for errorsUsage:
myisamchk [OPTIONS] tables[.MYI]Global options:-#, –debug=…
Output debug log. Often this is ‘d:t:o,filename’-?,
–help Display this help and exit.
-O, –set-variable var=optionChange the value of a variable.
Please note that this option is deprecated; you can set variablesdirectly with ‘–variable-name=value’.-t, –tmpdir=path
Path for temporary files-s, –silent Only print errors.
One can use two -s to makemyisamchk very silent-v, –verbose Print more information. This can be used with–description and –check. Use many -v for more verbosity!-V, –version Print version and exit.-w, –wait Wait if table is locked.Check options (check is the default action for myisamchk):-c, –check Check table for errors-e, –extend-check Check the table VERY throughly. Only use this inextreme cases as myisamchk should normally be able tofind out if the table is ok even without this switch-F, –fast Check only tables that haven’t been closed properly-C, –check-only-changedCheck only tables that have changed since last check-f, –force Restart with ‘-r’ if there are any errors in the table.States will be updated as with ‘–update-state’-i, –information Print statistics information about table that is checked-m, –medium-check Faster than extend-check, but only finds 99.99% ofall errors. Should be good enough for most cases-U –update-state Mark tables as crashed if you find any errors-T, –read-only Don’t mark table as checkedRepair options (When using ‘-r’ or ‘-o’)-B, –backup Make a backup of the .MYD file as ‘filename-time.BAK’–correct-checksum Correct checksum information for table.-D, –data-file-length=# Max length of data file (when recreating datafile when it’s full)-e, –extend-check Try to recover every possible row from the data fileNormally this will also find a lot of garbage rows;Don’t use this option if you are not totally desperate.-f, –force Overwrite old temporary files.-k, –keys-used=# Tell MyISAM to update only some specific keys. # is abit mask of which keys to use. This can be used toget faster inserts!-r, –recover Can fix almost anything except unique keys that aren’tunique.-n, –sort-recover Forces recovering with sorting even if the temporaryfile would be very big.-p, –parallel-recoverUses the same technique as ‘-r’ and ‘-n’, but createsall the keys in parallel, in different threads.THIS IS ALPHA CODE. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK!-o, –safe-recover Uses old recovery method; Slower than ‘-r’ but canhandle a couple of cases where ‘-r’ reports that itcan’t fix the data file.–character-sets-dir=…Directory where character sets are–set-character-set=nameChange the character set used by the index-q, –quick Faster repair by not modifying the data file.One can give a second ‘-q’ to force myisamchk tomodify the original datafile in case of duplicate keys-u, –unpack Unpack file packed with myisampack.Other actions:-a, –analyze Analyze distribution of keys. Will make some joins inMySQL faster. You can check the calculated distributionby using ‘–description –verbose table_name’.-d, –description Prints some information about table.-A, –set-auto-increment[=value]Force auto_increment to start at this or higher valueIf no value is given, then sets the next auto_incrementvalue to the highest used value for the auto key + 1.-S, –sort-index Sort index blocks. This speeds up ‘read-next’ inapplications-R, –sort-records=#Sort records according to an index. This makes yourdata much more localized and may speed up thingsC:/mysql/bin>myisamchk c:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice/function_products.frmmyisamchk: error: ‘c:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice/function_products.frm’ is not a MyISAM-tableC:/mysql/bin>myisamchk c:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice/function_products.myiChecking MyISAM file: c:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice/function_products.myiData records: 85207 Deleted blocks: 39myisamchk: warning: Table is marked as crashedmyisamchk: warning: 1 clients is using or hasn’t closed the table properly- check file-size- check key delete-chain- check record delete-chainmyisamchk: error: record delete-link-chain corrupted- check index reference- check data record references index: 1- check data record references index: 2- check data record references index: 3- check record linksmyisamchk: error: Wrong bytesec: 0-195-171 at linkstart: 841908MyISAM-table ‘c:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice/function_products.myi’ is corruptedFix it using switch “-r” or “-o”繼續(xù)進(jìn)行操作:C:/mysql/bin>myisamchk –recover –quick c:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice/function_products.myi- check key delete-chain- check record delete-chainmyisamchk: error: record delete-link-chain corruptedmyisamchk: error: Quick-recover aborted; Run recovery without switch ‘q’Updating MyISAM file: c:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice/function_products.myiMyISAM-table ‘c:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice/function_products.myi’ is not fixed because of errorsTry fixing it by using the –safe-recover (-o) or the –force (-f) option系統(tǒng)提示我使用–safe-recover (-o) or the –force (-f) option進(jìn)行修復(fù)操作,于是C:/mysql/bin>myisamchk –safe-recover c:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice/function_products.myi- recovering (with keycache) MyISAM-table ‘c:/mysql/data/hw_enterprice/function_products.myi’Data records: 85207Wrong bytesec: 0-195-171 at 841908; SkippedData records: 85215
將修復(fù)后的物理文件復(fù)制到MySQL/data下之后,通過(guò)PHPMyAdmin進(jìn)行訪問(wèn),OK正常!
本次數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)操作成功,數(shù)據(jù)已被正常恢復(fù),總計(jì)85215條記錄,其中數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)共計(jì)85207條。
總結(jié)本次經(jīng)驗(yàn)及查找資料,如下:
當(dāng)你試圖修復(fù)一個(gè)被破壞的表的問(wèn)題時(shí),有三種修復(fù)類型。如果你得到一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤信息指出一個(gè)臨時(shí)文件不能建立,刪除信息所指出的文件并再試一次–這通常是上一次修復(fù)操作遺留下來(lái)的。
這三種修復(fù)方法如下所示:
% myisamchk –recover –quick /path/to/tblName
% myisamchk –recover /path/to/tblName
% myisamchk –safe-recover /path/to/tblName
第一種是最快的,用來(lái)修復(fù)最普通的問(wèn)題;而最后一種是最慢的,用來(lái)修復(fù)一些其它方法所不能修復(fù)的問(wèn)題。
檢查和修復(fù)MySQL數(shù)據(jù)文件
如果上面的方法無(wú)法修復(fù)一個(gè)被損壞的表,在你放棄之前,你還可以試試下面這兩個(gè)技巧:
如果你懷疑表乃饕募?*.MYI)發(fā)生了不可修復(fù)的錯(cuò)誤,甚至是丟失了這個(gè)文件,你可以使用數(shù)據(jù)文件(*.MYD)和數(shù)據(jù)格式文件(*.frm)重新生成它。首先制作一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件(tblName.MYD)的拷貝。重啟你的MySQL服務(wù)并連接到這個(gè)服務(wù)上,使用下面的命令刪除表的內(nèi)容:
mysql> DELETE FROM tblName;
在刪除表的內(nèi)容的同時(shí),會(huì)建立一個(gè)新的索引文件。退出登錄并重新關(guān)閉服務(wù),然后用你剛才保存的數(shù)據(jù)文件(tblName.MYD)覆蓋新的(空)數(shù)據(jù)文件。最后,使用myisamchk執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的修復(fù)(上面的第二種方法),根據(jù)表的數(shù)據(jù)的內(nèi)容和表的格式文件重新生成索引數(shù)據(jù)。
如果你的表的格式文件(tblName.frm)丟失了或者是發(fā)生了不可修復(fù)的錯(cuò)誤,但是你清楚如何使用相應(yīng)的CREATE TABLE語(yǔ)句來(lái)重新生成這張表,你可以重新生成一個(gè)新的.frm文件并和你的數(shù)據(jù)文件和索引文件(如果索引文件有問(wèn)題,使用上面的方法重建一個(gè)新的)一起使用。首先制作一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)和索引文件的拷貝,然后刪除原來(lái)的文件(刪除數(shù)據(jù)目錄下有關(guān)這個(gè)表的所有記錄)。
啟動(dòng)MySQL服務(wù)并使用當(dāng)初的CREATE TABLE文件建立一個(gè)新的表。新的.frm文件應(yīng)該可以正常工作了,但是最好你還是執(zhí)行一下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的修復(fù)(上面的第二種方法)。
如果有類似問(wèn)題,建議自己先分析問(wèn)題根源,查找資料,自己動(dòng)手解決,不但可以多學(xué)更多知識(shí)技巧,更重要的是,自己也在解決問(wèn)題的同時(shí)得到了快樂(lè)。
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