隊(duì)列和擁塞配置指南

2019-12-24 02:35:56

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隊(duì)列和擁塞配置指南

Fast Switching和CEF

提問給路由器配置最有效的包交換算法

回答

Fast Switching缺省是啟用的

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0

Router(config-if)#ip route-cache

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

如果使用策略，需要下面的命令

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0

Router(config-if)#ip route-cache policy

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

CEF缺省是沒有啟用的，全局和端口啟用

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#ip cef

Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0

Router(config-if)#ip route-cache cef

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

注釋除了上面的policy參數(shù)以外，還有下面的參數(shù)來保證進(jìn)出是同一物理接口

Router(config)#interface Serial0/0

Router(config-if)#ip route-cache same-interface

可以使用下面命令進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證show cef interface show cef drop 和 show cef not-cef-switched show ip cef

11.2. 設(shè)置DSCP 或者TOS位

提問路由器標(biāo)記特定數(shù)據(jù)包的DSCP或者TOS位

回答

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any eq ftp any

Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any any eq ftp

Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any eq ftp-data any

Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any any eq ftp-data

Router(config)#class-map match-all ser00-ftpcontrol

Router(config-cmap)#description branch ftp control traffic

Router(config-cmap)#match input-interface serial0/0

Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 101

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#class-map match-all ser00-ftpdata

Router(config-cmap)#description branch ftp data traffic

Router(config-cmap)#match input-interface serial0/0

Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 102

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#policy-map serialftppolicy

Router(config-pmap)#description branch ftp traffic policy

Router(config-pmap)#class ser00-ftpcontrol

Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip precedence immediate

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class ser00-ftpdata

Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip precedence priority

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#exit

Router(config)#interface serial0/0

Router(config-if)#ip route-cache policy

Router(config-if)#service-policy input serialftppolicy

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

注釋先使用classmap來定義特殊的數(shù)據(jù)流，然后使用policymap來對TOS位進(jìn)行標(biāo)記

11.3. 使用優(yōu)先級(jí)隊(duì)列(Priority Queuing)

提問使用優(yōu)先級(jí)隊(duì)列這種嚴(yán)格的方式來保證高優(yōu)先級(jí)的數(shù)據(jù)先被處理

回答

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#access-list 101 permit ip any any precedence 5 tos 12

Router(config)#access-list 102 permit ip any any precedence 4

Router(config)#access-list 103 permit ip any any precedence 3

Router(config)#priority-list 1 protocol ip high list 101

Router(config)#priority-list 1 protocol ip medium list 102

Router(config)#priority-list 1 protocol ip normal list 103

Router(config)#priority-list 1 default low

Router(config)#interface Ethernet0

Router(config-if)#priority-group 1

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

注釋單純使用優(yōu)先級(jí)隊(duì)列可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致高優(yōu)先級(jí)的數(shù)據(jù)占用掉所有的帶寬。precedence 5 tos 12 等同于dscp ef。缺省情況下會(huì)被不匹配的數(shù)據(jù)包歸入到normal優(yōu)先級(jí)隊(duì)列，本例中特別配置其歸入了low優(yōu)先級(jí)隊(duì)列。Show interface命令可以看到缺省各個(gè)隊(duì)列大小（high優(yōu)先級(jí)為20個(gè)，medium為40個(gè)，依次遞增）

Output queue (queue priority: size/max/drops):

high: 0/20/0, medium: 0/40/0, normal 0/60/0, low 0/80/0

可以使用Router(config)#priority-list 1 queue-limit 10 15 25 35 命令來修改。建議使用LLQ或者CBWFQ來替代單純的優(yōu)先級(jí)隊(duì)列

11.4. 使用自定義隊(duì)列（Custom Queuing）

提問根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)流中IP優(yōu)先級(jí)的不同來自定義隊(duì)列共享帶寬

回答

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#access-list 103 permit ip any any precedence 5

Router(config)#access-list 104 permit ip any any precedence 4

Router(config)#access-list 105 permit ip any any precedence 3

Router(config)#access-list 106 permit ip any any precedence 2

Router(config)#access-list 107 permit ip any any precedence 1

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 3 list 103

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 4 list 104

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 5 list 105

Router(config)#queue-list 1 queue 5 byte-count 3000 limit 55

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 6 list 106

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 7 list 107

Router(config)#queue-list 1 default 8

Router(config)#interface HSSI0/0

Router(config-if)#custom-queue-list 1

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

注釋通過配置自定義隊(duì)列可以生成16個(gè)應(yīng)用隊(duì)列和1個(gè)系統(tǒng)隊(duì)列。

Queuing strategy: custom-list 1

Output queues: (queue #: size/max/drops)

0: 0/20/0 1: 0/20/0 2: 0/20/0 3: 0/20/0 4: 0/20/0

5: 0/55/3 6: 5/20/0 7: 0/20/0 8: 0/20/0 9: 0/20/0

10: 0/20/0 11: 0/20/0 12: 0/20/0 13: 0/20/0 14: 0/20/0

15: 0/20/0 16: 0/20/0

缺省情況下自定義隊(duì)列不會(huì)對無分類的數(shù)據(jù)流進(jìn)行隊(duì)列歸屬，所以需要配置一個(gè)缺省隊(duì)列。缺省情況下每個(gè)隊(duì)列會(huì)讀取1500字節(jié)，每個(gè)隊(duì)列可最多保存20個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)包，可以通過queue-list 1 queue 5 byte-count 3000 limit 55 命令來修改。

對于這種隊(duì)列方式需要注意的是隊(duì)列是基于字節(jié)的不是基于數(shù)據(jù)包的，所以對于字節(jié)下的數(shù)據(jù)流會(huì)發(fā)送相對多的數(shù)據(jù)包，但是總體來說流量是平均的。此種方式也是比較老的方案，推薦使用CBWFQ

11.5. 自定義隊(duì)列混和優(yōu)先級(jí)隊(duì)列

提問高優(yōu)先級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)優(yōu)先處理，低優(yōu)先級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)共享帶寬

回答

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#access-list 101 permit ip any any precedence 7

Router(config)#access-list 102 permit ip any any precedence 6

Router(config)#access-list 103 permit ip any any precedence 5

Router(config)#access-list 104 permit ip any any precedence 4

Router(config)#access-list 105 permit ip any any precedence 3

Router(config)#access-list 106 permit ip any any precedence 2

Router(config)#access-list 107 permit ip any any precedence 1

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 1 list 101

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 2 list 102

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 3 list 103

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 4 list 104

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 5 list 105

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 6 list 106

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 7 list 107

Router(config)#queue-list 1 lowest-custom 4

Router(config)#interface HSSI0/0

Router(config-if)#custom-queue-list 1

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

注釋相比11.4多了一個(gè)queue-list 1 lowest-custom 4 ，這樣123.被定義為優(yōu)先級(jí)隊(duì)列

11.6. 使用加權(quán)公平隊(duì)列（Weighted Fair Queuing）

提問根據(jù)TOS/DSCP位來轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)包

回答

缺省情況下WFQ會(huì)自動(dòng)在小于2M速率的接口啟用

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#interface Serial0/0

Router(config-if)#fair-queue 64 512 10

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

注釋 WFQ在沒有TOS/DSCP標(biāo)記的情況下依然可以工作。命令后面的參數(shù)分為三個(gè)，第一個(gè)為丟棄閥值，某個(gè)隊(duì)列如果超過64個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)包，以后的數(shù)據(jù)包就會(huì)被丟棄，第二個(gè)為動(dòng)態(tài)隊(duì)列數(shù)目，是16的倍數(shù)，如果端口有很多的數(shù)據(jù)流建議增加，第三個(gè)為RSVP預(yù)留隊(duì)列，缺省為0。

11.7. 使用基于類的加權(quán)公平隊(duì)列（Using Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing）

提問在端口上配置基于類的加權(quán)公平隊(duì)列

回答

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#class-map highprec

Router(config-cmap)#description Highest priority Prec=5

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 5

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#class-map medhiprec

Router(config-cmap)#description Medium-high priority Prec=4

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 4

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#class-map medloprec

Router(config-cmap)#description Medium-low priority Prec=2,3

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 2 3

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#policy-map cbwfqpolicy

Router(config-pmap)#class highprec

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 25

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class medhiprec

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 25

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class medloprec

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 25

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class class-default

Router(config-pmap-c)#fair-queue 512

Router(config-pmap-c)#queue-limit 96

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#exit

Router(config)#interface serial0/1

Router(config-if)#service-policy output cbwfqpolicy

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

注釋

11.8. 使用NBAR

提問使用NBAR（Network Based Application Recognition）在應(yīng)用層對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行識(shí)別和分類

回答

Router1#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router1(config)#ip cef

Router1(config)#class-map INTERACTIVE

Router1(config-cmap)#match protocol citrix

Router1(config-cmap)#match protocol telnet

Router1(config-cmap)#exit

Router1(config)#policy-map QoSPolicy

Router1(config-pmap)#class INTERACTIVE

Router1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 50

Router1(config-pmap-c)#set dscp ef

Router1(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router1(config-pmap)#class class-default

Router1(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 20

Router1(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router1(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router1(config-pmap)#exit

Router1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0

Router1(config-fi)#service-policy inbound QoSPolicy

Router1(config-if)#exit

Router1(config)#end

Router1#

思科支持在網(wǎng)上PDLM（Packet Description Language Module）來激活NBAR分類

Router1#show flash

System flash directory:

File Length Name/status

1 23169076 c2600-ipvoice-mz.124-10.bin

2 3100 bittorrent.pdlm

[23172304 bytes used, 9857836 available, 33030140 total]

32768K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

Router1#Router1#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router1(config)#ip nbar pdlm flash://bittorrent.pdlm

Router1(config)#class-map BITTORRENT

Router1(config-cmap)#match protocol bittorrent

Router1(config-cmap)#exit

Router1(config)#end

Router1#

也可以使用NBAR來自動(dòng)對網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議進(jìn)行分類統(tǒng)計(jì)

Router1#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0

Router1(config-if)#ip nbar protocol-discovery

Router1(config-if)#exit

Router1(config)#end

Router1#

注釋 NBAR會(huì)增加CPU利用率。Router1#show ip nbar protocol-discovery top-n 5 可以顯示出NBAR所識(shí)別各個(gè)協(xié)議數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)

<!–[if !supportLists]–>11.9. <!–[endif]–>使用WRED來控制擁塞

提問

回答

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#class-map Prec5

Router(config-cmap)#description Critical

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 5

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#policy-map cb_wred

Router(config-pmap)#class Prec5

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class class-default

Router(config-pmap-c)#fair-queue 512

Router(config-pmap-c)#queue-limit 96

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#exit

Router(config)#interface HSSI0/1

Router(config-if)#service-policy output cb_wred

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

注釋

11.10. 使用RSVP

提問在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中啟用RSVP

回答

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#access-list 15 permit ip 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255

Router(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0

Router(config-if)#ip rsvp bandwidth 128 56

Router(config-if)#ip rsvp neighbor 15

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

注釋配置RSVP之前，接口要配置WFQ, CBWFQ, 或者WRED

11.11. Manual RSVP Reservations

提問

回答

Sender主機(jī)（192.168.100.202）連接R1

Router1#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0

Router1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.100.21 255.255.255.0

Router1(config-if)#ip rsvp bandwidth 128 56

Router1(config-if)#exit

Router1(config)#interface Serial0/0

Router1(config-if)#no ip address

Router1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay

Router1(config-if)#fair-queue 64 256 37

Router1(config-if)#ip rsvp bandwidth

Router1(config-if)#exit

Router1(config)#interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point

Router1(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.55.9 255.255.255.252

Router1(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 904

Router1(config-fr-dlci)#ip rsvp bandwidth 128 56

Router1(config-subif)#exit

Router1(config)#ip rsvp sender 192.168.9.100 192.168.100.202 UDP 1300 1300 192.168.100.202 FastEthernet0/0 55 1

Router1(config)#end

Router1#

Receiver主機(jī)（192.168.9.100）連接R4

Router4# configure terminal

Router4(config)#interface Ethernet0/0

Router4(config-if)#ip address 192.168.9.3 255.255.255.0

Router4(config-if)#ip rsvp bandwidth 128 56

Router4(config-if)#exit

Router4(config)#interface Serial0/0

Router4(config-if)#no ip address

Router4(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay

Router4(config-if)#fair-queue 64 256 37

Router4(config-if)#ip rsvp bandwidth

Router4(config-if)#exit

Router4(config)#interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point

Router4(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.56.5 255.255.255.252

Router4(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 107

Router4(config-fr-dlci)#ip rsvp bandwidth 128 56

Router4(config-subif)#exit

Router4(config)#ip rsvp reservation 192.168.9.100 192.168.100.202 UDP 1300 1300 192.168.9.100 Ethernet0/0 FF RATE 55 1

Router4(config)#end

Router4#

注釋

11.12. 聚合RSVP的預(yù)留（Aggregating RSVP Reservations）

提問聚合多個(gè)RSVP這樣核心網(wǎng)絡(luò)不需要對每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)流進(jìn)行追蹤

回答

Router2#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router2(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0

Router2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.101.1 255.255.255.0

Router2(config-if)#ip rsvp bandwidth 128 56

Router2(config-if)#ip rsvp data-packet classification none

Router2(config-if)#ip rsvp resource-provider none

Router2(config-if)#exit

Router2(config)#interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point

Router2(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.55.10 255.255.255.252

Router2(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 409

Router2(config-fr-dlci)#ip rsvp bandwidth 128 56

Router2(config-subif)#ip rsvp data-packet classification none

Router2(config-subif)#ip rsvp resource-provider none

Router2(config-subif)#exit

Router2(config)#end

Router2#

注釋 RSVP擴(kuò)展性不強(qiáng)，對于核心網(wǎng)絡(luò)還是使用傳統(tǒng)的DSCP標(biāo)記方式，12.2(2)T的IOS引入了新的辦法來解決此問題，核心配置RSVP來支持RSVP Requests，但是隊(duì)列的時(shí)候不需要使用RSVP的信息

11.13. Using Generic Traffic Shaping

提問

回答

注釋

11.14. Using Frame-Relay Traffic Shaping

提問

回答

注釋

11.15. Using Committed Access Rate

提問

回答

注釋

11.16. 部署基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的PHB（Per-Hop Behavior）

提問配置基于規(guī)范的根據(jù)DSCP位的PHB

回答

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#class-map EF

Router(config-cmap)#description Real-time application traffic

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 5

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#class-map AF1x

Router(config-cmap)#description Priority Class 1

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 1

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#class-map AF2x

Router(config-cmap)#description Priority Class 2

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 2

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#class-map AF3x

Router(config-cmap)#description Priority Class 3

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 3

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#class-map AF4x

Router(config-cmap)#description Priority Class 4

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 4

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#policy-map cbwfq_pq

Router(config-pmap)#class EF

Router(config-pmap-c)#priority 58 800

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class AF1x

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 15

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class AF2x

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 15

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class AF3x

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 15

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class AF4x

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 15

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class class-default

Router(config-pmap-c)#fair-queue 512

Router(config-pmap-c)#queue-limit 96

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#exit

Router(config)#interface HSSI0/1

Router(config-if)#service-policy output cbwfqpolicy

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

注釋

11.17. AutoQoS

提問配置路由器自動(dòng)生成Voip或者一般數(shù)據(jù)包的QoS策略配置

回答

一種是針對VoIP數(shù)據(jù)的

Router1#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router1(config)#ip cef

Router1(config)#interface Serial0/0

Router1(config-if)#no ip address

Router1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay

Router1(config-if)#exit

Router1(config)#interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point

Router1(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.55.9 255.255.255.252

Router1(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 904

Router1(config-fr-dlci)#auto qos voip

%Creating new map-class.

Router1(config-fr-dlci)#exit

Router1(config-subif)#exit

Router1(config)#end

Router1#

*Mar 1 01:32:55.031: %RMON-5-FALLINGTRAP: Falling trap is generated because the

value of cbQosCMDropBitRate.1169.1171 has fallen below the falling-threshold va

lue 0

Router1#

針對一般的IP數(shù)據(jù)包，第一步是流量模式的收集

Router1#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router1(config)#ip cef

Router1(config)#interface Serial0/0

Router1(config-if)#no ip address

Router1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay

Router1(config-if)#exit

Router1(config)#interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point

Router1(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.55.9 255.255.255.252

Router1(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 904

Router1(config-fr-dlci)#auto discovery qos

Router1(config-fr-dlci)#exit

Router1(config-subif)#exit

Router1(config)#end

Router1#

第二步是生成策略

Router1#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router1(config)#interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point

Router1(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-dlci 904

Router1(config-fr-dlci)#auto qos

%Creating new map-class.

Router1(config-fr-dlci)#no auto discovery qos

Router1(config-fr-dlci)#exit

Router1(config-subif)#exit

Router1(config)#end

Router1#

注釋 AutoQoS很好，但是有下面幾個(gè)限制：只能針對點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)的鏈路，不能和frame map或者virtual templates一起使用，不能用于SVC，兩端必須同時(shí)配置，必須禁止掉所有的服務(wù)策略或者access-groups即使用于其他的端口，要啟用CEF。針對VoIP的AutoQoS引自12.2(15)T，通過一個(gè)宏來生成配置，可以用show auto qos來查看。針對通用IP數(shù)據(jù)流的引自12.3(7)T，自動(dòng)針對數(shù)據(jù)流分類至十個(gè)不同類別，要先用auto qos然后再no掉原來的discovery。注意的是你如果后來想不用auto qos了，雖然可以no auot qos但是還是有很多配置是沒法自動(dòng)清除的，記得要保存之前的show auto qos的輸出。AutoQoS不是萬能的，要慎用

查看隊(duì)列參數(shù)

提問查看當(dāng)前端口的隊(duì)列配置

回答

Router#show queue FastEthernet0/0

Router#show queuing

注釋配置優(yōu)先級(jí)隊(duì)列或者自定義隊(duì)列的時(shí)候show queue命令沒有相應(yīng)的輸出

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