一、什么是加殼?
加殼是在二進制的程序中植入一段代碼,在運行的時候優(yōu)先取得程序的控制權,做一些額外的工作。大多數(shù)病毒就是基于此原理。
二、加殼作用
加殼的程序可以有效阻止對程序的反匯編分析,以達到它不可告人的目的。這種技術也常用來保護軟件版權,防止被軟件破解。
三、Android Dex文件加殼原理
PC平臺現(xiàn)在已存在大量的標準的加殼和解殼工具,但是Android作為新興平臺還未出現(xiàn)APK加殼工具。Android Dex文件大量使用引用給加殼帶來了一定的難度,但是從理論上講,Android APK加殼也是可行的。
在這個過程中,牽扯到三個角色:
1、加殼程序:加密源程序為解殼數(shù)據(jù)、組裝解殼程序和解殼數(shù)據(jù)
2、解殼程序:解密解殼數(shù)據(jù),并運行時通過DexClassLoader動態(tài)加載
3、源程序:需要加殼處理的被保護代碼
根據(jù)解殼數(shù)據(jù)在解殼程序DEX文件中的不同分布,本文將提出兩種Android Dex加殼的實現(xiàn)方案。
解殼數(shù)據(jù)位于解殼程序文件尾部:該種方式簡單實用,合并后的DEX文件結(jié)構如下。

四、加殼程序工作流程:
1、加密源程序APK文件為解殼數(shù)據(jù)
2、把解殼數(shù)據(jù)寫入解殼程序Dex文件末尾,并在文件尾部添加解殼數(shù)據(jù)的大小。
3、修改解殼程序DEX頭中checksum、signature 和file_size頭信息。
4、修改源程序AndroidMainfest.xml文件并覆蓋解殼程序AndroidMainfest.xml文件。
五、解殼DEX程序工作流程:
1、讀取DEX文件末尾數(shù)據(jù)獲取借殼數(shù)據(jù)長度。
2、從DEX文件讀取解殼數(shù)據(jù),解密解殼數(shù)據(jù)。以文件形式保存解密數(shù)據(jù)到a.APK文件
3、通過DexClassLoader動態(tài)加載a.apk。
解殼數(shù)據(jù)位于解殼程序文件頭
該種方式相對比較復雜, 合并后DEX文件結(jié)構如下:

六、加殼程序工作流程:
1、加密源程序APK文件為解殼數(shù)據(jù)
2、計算解殼數(shù)據(jù)長度,并添加該長度到解殼DEX文件頭末尾,并繼續(xù)解殼數(shù)據(jù)到文件頭末尾。
(插入數(shù)據(jù)的位置為0x70處)
3、修改解殼程序DEX頭中checksum、signature、file_size、header_size、string_ids_off、type_ids_off、proto_ids_off、field_ids_off、
method_ids_off、class_defs_off和data_off相關項。  分析map_off 數(shù)據(jù),修改相關的數(shù)據(jù)偏移量。  
4、修改源程序AndroidMainfest.xml文件并覆蓋解殼程序AndroidMainfest.xml文件。
七、加殼程序流程及代碼實現(xiàn)
1、加密源程序APK為解殼數(shù)據(jù)
2、把解殼數(shù)據(jù)寫入解殼程序DEX文件末尾,并在文件尾部添加解殼數(shù)據(jù)的大小。
3、修改解殼程序DEX頭中checksum、signature 和file_size頭信息。
代碼實現(xiàn)如下:
package com.android.dexshell; import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.security.MessageDigest; import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; import java.util.zip.Adler32;  public class DexShellTool {  /**   * @param args   */  public static void main(String[] args) {   // TODO Auto-generated method stub   try {    File payloadSrcFile = new File("g:/payload.apk");    File unShellDexFile = new File("g:/unshell.dex");    byte[] payloadArray = encrpt(readFileBytes(payloadSrcFile));    byte[] unShellDexArray = readFileBytes(unShellDexFile);    int payloadLen = payloadArray.length;    int unShellDexLen = unShellDexArray.length;    int totalLen = payloadLen + unShellDexLen +4;    byte[] newdex = new byte[totalLen];    //添加解殼代碼    System.arraycopy(unShellDexArray, 0, newdex, 0, unShellDexLen);    //添加加密后的解殼數(shù)據(jù)    System.arraycopy(payloadArray, 0, newdex, unShellDexLen,      payloadLen);    //添加解殼數(shù)據(jù)長度    System.arraycopy(intToByte(payloadLen), 0, newdex, totalLen-4, 4);       //修改DEX file size文件頭    fixFileSizeHeader(newdex);    //修改DEX SHA1 文件頭    fixSHA1Header(newdex);    //修改DEX CheckSum文件頭    fixCheckSumHeader(newdex);      String str = "g:/classes.dex";    File file = new File(str);    if (!file.exists()) {     file.createNewFile();    }        FileOutputStream localFileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(str);    localFileOutputStream.write(newdex);    localFileOutputStream.flush();    localFileOutputStream.close();     } catch (Exception e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   }  }    //直接返回數(shù)據(jù),讀者可以添加自己加密方法  private static byte[] encrpt(byte[] srcdata){   return srcdata;  }    private static void fixCheckSumHeader(byte[] dexBytes) {   Adler32 adler = new Adler32();   adler.update(dexBytes, 12, dexBytes.length - 12);   long value = adler.getValue();   int va = (int) value;   byte[] newcs = intToByte(va);   byte[] recs = new byte[4];   for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {    recs[i] = newcs[newcs.length - 1 - i];    System.out.println(Integer.toHexString(newcs[i]));   }   System.arraycopy(recs, 0, dexBytes, 8, 4);   System.out.println(Long.toHexString(value));   System.out.println();  }    public static byte[] intToByte(int number) {   byte[] b = new byte[4];   for (int i = 3; i >= 0; i--) {    b[i] = (byte) (number % 256);    number >>= 8;   }   return b;  }    private static void fixSHA1Header(byte[] dexBytes)    throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {   MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-1");   md.update(dexBytes, 32, dexBytes.length - 32);   byte[] newdt = md.digest();   System.arraycopy(newdt, 0, dexBytes, 12, 20);   String hexstr = "";   for (int i = 0; i < newdt.length; i++) {    hexstr += Integer.toString((newdt[i] & 0xff) + 0x100, 16)      .substring(1);   }   System.out.println(hexstr);  }    private static void fixFileSizeHeader(byte[] dexBytes) {     byte[] newfs = intToByte(dexBytes.length);   System.out.println(Integer.toHexString(dexBytes.length));   byte[] refs = new byte[4];   for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {    refs[i] = newfs[newfs.length - 1 - i];    System.out.println(Integer.toHexString(newfs[i]));   }   System.arraycopy(refs, 0, dexBytes, 32, 4);  }    private static byte[] readFileBytes(File file) throws IOException {   byte[] arrayOfByte = new byte[1024];   ByteArrayOutputStream localByteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();   FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);   while (true) {    int i = fis.read(arrayOfByte);    if (i != -1) {     localByteArrayOutputStream.write(arrayOfByte, 0, i);    } else {     return localByteArrayOutputStream.toByteArray();    }   }  }   } 
八、解殼程序流程及代碼實現(xiàn)
在解殼程序的開發(fā)過程中需要解決如下幾個關鍵的技術問題:
1.解殼代碼如何能夠第一時間執(zhí)行?
Android程序由不同的組件構成,系統(tǒng)在有需要的時候啟動程序組件。因此解殼程序必須在Android系統(tǒng)啟動組件之前運行,完成對解殼數(shù)據(jù)的解殼及APK文件的動態(tài)加載,否則會使程序出現(xiàn)加載類失敗的異常。
Android開發(fā)者都知道Applicaiton做為整個應用的上下文,會被系統(tǒng)第一時間調(diào)用,這也是應用開發(fā)者程序代碼的第一執(zhí)行點。因此通過對AndroidMainfest.xml的application的配置可以實現(xiàn)解殼代碼第一時間運行。
<application android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher" android:label="@string/app_name" android:theme="@style/AppTheme" android:name=" </application>
2.如何替換回源程序原有的Application?
當在AndroidMainfest.xml文件配置為解殼代碼的Application時。源程序原有的Applicaiton將被替換,為了不影響源程序代碼邏輯,我們需要              在解殼代碼運行完成后,替換回源程序原有的Application對象。我們通過在AndroidMainfest.xml文件中配置原有Applicaiton類信息來達到我們              的目的。解殼程序要在運行完畢后通過創(chuàng)建配置的Application對象,并通過反射修改回原Application。
<application android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher" android:label="@string/app_name" android:theme="@style/AppTheme" android:name=" </application>
3.如何通過DexClassLoader實現(xiàn)對apk代碼的動態(tài)加載。
我們知道DexClassLoader加載的類是沒有組件生命周期的,也就是說即使DexClassLoader通過對APK的動態(tài)加載完成了對組件類的加載,當系統(tǒng)啟動該組件時,還會出現(xiàn)加載類失敗的異常。為什么組件類被動態(tài)加載入虛擬機,但系統(tǒng)卻出現(xiàn)加載類失敗呢?
通過查看Android源代碼我們知道組件類的加載是由另一個ClassLoader來完成的,DexClassLoader和系統(tǒng)組件ClassLoader并不存在關系,系統(tǒng)組件ClassLoader當然找不到由DexClassLoader加載的類,如果把系統(tǒng)組件ClassLoader的parent修改成DexClassLoader,我們就可以實現(xiàn)對apk代碼的動態(tài)加載。
4.如何使解殼后的APK資源文件被代碼動態(tài)引用。
代碼默認引用的資源文件在最外層的解殼程序中,因此我們要增加系統(tǒng)的資源加載路徑來實現(xiàn)對借殼后APK文件資源的加載。
解殼實現(xiàn)代碼:
 
package com.android.dexunshell;  import java.io.BufferedInputStream; import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; import java.io.DataInputStream; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.lang.ref.WeakReference; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.zip.ZipEntry; import java.util.zip.ZipInputStream;  import dalvik.system.DexClassLoader; import android.app.Application; import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo; import android.content.pm.PackageManager; import android.content.pm.PackageManager.NameNotFoundException; import android.os.Bundle;  public class ProxyApplication extends Application {   private static final String appkey = "APPLICATION_CLASS_NAME";  private String apkFileName;  private String odexPath;  private String libPath;  @Override  public void onCreate() {   // TODO Auto-generated method stub   super.onCreate();   try {    File odex = this.getDir("payload_odex", MODE_PRIVATE);    File libs = this.getDir("payload_lib", MODE_PRIVATE);    odexPath = odex.getAbsolutePath();    libPath = libs.getAbsolutePath();    apkFileName = odex.getAbsolutePath()+"/payload.apk";    File dexFile = new File(apkFileName);    if(!dexFile.exists())     dexFile.createNewFile();    //讀取程序classes.dex文件    byte[] dexdata = this.readDexFileFromApk();    //分離出解殼后的apk文件已用于動態(tài)加載    this.splitPayLoadFromDex(dexdata);    //配置動態(tài)加載環(huán)境    this.configApplicationEnv();       } catch (Exception e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   }  }    private void configApplicationEnv() throws NameNotFoundException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException, ClassNotFoundException, IOException{    Object currentActivityThread = RefInvoke.invokeStaticMethod("android.app.ActivityThread", "currentActivityThread", new Class[]{}, new Object[]{});   HashMap mPackages = (HashMap)RefInvoke.getFieldOjbect("android.app.ActivityThread", currentActivityThread, "mPackages");   //替換組件類加載器為DexClassLoader,已使動態(tài)加載代碼具有組件生命周期   WeakReference wr = (WeakReference) mPackages.get(this.getPackageName());   DexClassLoader dLoader = new DexClassLoader(apkFileName,     odexPath, libPath, (ClassLoader) RefInvoke.getFieldOjbect("android.app.LoadedApk", wr.get(), "mClassLoader"));   RefInvoke.setFieldOjbect("android.app.LoadedApk", "mClassLoader", wr.get(), dLoader);    //如果源應用配置有Appliction對象,則替換為源應用Applicaiton,以便不影響源程序邏輯。   ApplicationInfo appInfo = this.getPackageManager().getApplicationInfo(this.getPackageName(),PackageManager.GET_META_DATA);   Bundle bundle = appInfo.metaData;   if(bundle != null && bundle.containsKey(appkey)){        String appClassName = bundle.getString(appkey);    Application app = (Application)dLoader.loadClass(appClassName).newInstance();    RefInvoke.setFieldOjbect("android.app.ContextImpl", "mOuterContext", this.getBaseContext(), app);    RefInvoke.setFieldOjbect("android.content.ContextWrapper", "mBase", app, this.getBaseContext());    Object mBoundApplication = RefInvoke.getFieldOjbect("android.app.ActivityThread", currentActivityThread, "mBoundApplication");    Object info = RefInvoke.getFieldOjbect("android.app.ActivityThread$AppBindData", mBoundApplication, "info");    RefInvoke.setFieldOjbect("android.app.LoadedApk", "mApplication", info, app);    Object oldApplication = RefInvoke.getFieldOjbect("android.app.ActivityThread", currentActivityThread, "mInitialApplication");    RefInvoke.setFieldOjbect("android.app.ActivityThread", "mInitialApplication", currentActivityThread, app);    ArrayList<Application> mAllApplications = (ArrayList<Application>)RefInvoke.getFieldOjbect("android.app.ActivityThread", currentActivityThread, "mAllApplications");    mAllApplications.remove(oldApplication);    mAllApplications.add(app);    HashMap mProviderMap = (HashMap) RefInvoke.getFieldOjbect("android.app.ActivityThread", currentActivityThread, "mProviderMap");    Iterator it = mProviderMap.values().iterator();    while(it.hasNext()){     Object providerClientRecord = it.next();     Object localProvider = RefInvoke.getFieldOjbect("android.app.ProviderClientRecord", providerClientRecord, "mLocalProvider");     RefInvoke.setFieldOjbect("android.content.ContentProvider", "mContext", localProvider, app);    }    RefInvoke.invokeMethod(appClassName, "onCreate", app, new Class[]{}, new Object[]{});   }  }    private void splitPayLoadFromDex(byte[] data) throws IOException{   byte[] apkdata = decrypt(data);   int ablen = apkdata.length;   byte[] dexlen = new byte[4];   System.arraycopy(apkdata, ablen - 4, dexlen, 0, 4);   ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(dexlen);   DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(bais);   int readInt = in.readInt();   System.out.println(Integer.toHexString(readInt));   byte[] newdex = new byte[readInt];   System.arraycopy(apkdata, ablen - 4 - readInt, newdex, 0, readInt);   File file = new File(apkFileName);   try {    FileOutputStream localFileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(file);    localFileOutputStream.write(newdex);    localFileOutputStream.close();    } catch (IOException localIOException) {    throw new RuntimeException(localIOException);   }      ZipInputStream localZipInputStream = new ZipInputStream(     new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(file)));   while (true) {    ZipEntry localZipEntry = localZipInputStream.getNextEntry();    if (localZipEntry == null) {     localZipInputStream.close();     break;    }    String name = localZipEntry.getName();    if (name.startsWith("lib/") && name.endsWith(".so")) {     File storeFile = new File(libPath+"/"+name.substring(name.lastIndexOf('/')));     storeFile.createNewFile();     FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(storeFile);     byte[] arrayOfByte = new byte[1024];     while (true) {      int i = localZipInputStream.read(arrayOfByte);      if (i == -1)       break;      fos.write(arrayOfByte, 0, i);     }     fos.flush();     fos.close();     }    localZipInputStream.closeEntry();   }   localZipInputStream.close();      }    private byte[] readDexFileFromApk() throws IOException {   ByteArrayOutputStream dexByteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();   ZipInputStream localZipInputStream = new ZipInputStream(     new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(this.getApplicationInfo().sourceDir)));   while (true) {    ZipEntry localZipEntry = localZipInputStream.getNextEntry();    if (localZipEntry == null) {     localZipInputStream.close();     break;    }    if (localZipEntry.getName().equals("classes.dex")) {     byte[] arrayOfByte = new byte[1024];     while (true) {      int i = localZipInputStream.read(arrayOfByte);      if (i == -1)       break;      dexByteArrayOutputStream.write(arrayOfByte, 0, i);     }    }    localZipInputStream.closeEntry();   }   localZipInputStream.close();   return dexByteArrayOutputStream.toByteArray();  }    ////直接返回數(shù)據(jù),讀者可以添加自己解密方法  private byte[] decrypt(byte[] data){   return data;  } } RefInvoke為反射調(diào)用工具類:
package com.android.dexunshell;  import java.lang.reflect.Field; import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException; import java.lang.reflect.Method;  public class RefInvoke {    public static Object invokeStaticMethod(String class_name, String method_name, Class[] pareTyple, Object[] pareVaules){      try {    Class obj_class = Class.forName(class_name);    Method method = obj_class.getMethod(method_name,pareTyple);    return method.invoke(null, pareVaules);   } catch (SecurityException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   }   return null;     }    public static Object invokeMethod(String class_name, String method_name, Object obj ,Class[] pareTyple, Object[] pareVaules){      try {    Class obj_class = Class.forName(class_name);    Method method = obj_class.getMethod(method_name,pareTyple);    return method.invoke(obj, pareVaules);   } catch (SecurityException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   }   return null;     }    public static Object getFieldOjbect(String class_name,Object obj, String filedName){   try {    Class obj_class = Class.forName(class_name);    Field field = obj_class.getDeclaredField(filedName);    field.setAccessible(true);    return field.get(obj);   } catch (SecurityException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   }   return null;     }    public static Object getStaticFieldOjbect(String class_name, String filedName){      try {    Class obj_class = Class.forName(class_name);    Field field = obj_class.getDeclaredField(filedName);    field.setAccessible(true);    return field.get(null);   } catch (SecurityException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   }   return null;     }    public static void setFieldOjbect(String classname, String filedName, Object obj, Object filedVaule){   try {    Class obj_class = Class.forName(classname);    Field field = obj_class.getDeclaredField(filedName);    field.setAccessible(true);    field.set(obj, filedVaule);   } catch (SecurityException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   }   }    public static void setStaticOjbect(String class_name, String filedName, Object filedVaule){   try {    Class obj_class = Class.forName(class_name);    Field field = obj_class.getDeclaredField(filedName);    field.setAccessible(true);    field.set(null, filedVaule);   } catch (SecurityException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {    // TODO Auto-generated catch block    e.printStackTrace();   }    }  } 
九、總結(jié)
本文代碼基本實現(xiàn)了APK文件的加殼及脫殼原理,該代碼作為實驗代碼還有諸多地方需要改進。比如:
1、加殼數(shù)據(jù)的加密算法的添加。
2、脫殼代碼由java語言實現(xiàn),可通過C代碼的實現(xiàn)對脫殼邏輯進行保護,以達到更好的反逆向分析效果。
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