MapReduce是Google提出的一個軟件架構，用于大規模數據集（大于1TB）的并行運算。概念“Map（映射）”和“Reduce（化簡）”，及他們的主要思想，都是從函數式編程語言借來的，還有從矢量編程語言借來的特性。

>>> reduce(lambda x,y: x+y,[1,2,3,4,5])
15

>>> list1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
>>> list2 = [9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1]
>>> map(lambda x,y: x+y, list1,list2)
[10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10]

reduce(function, iterable[, initializer])
 
Apply function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of iterable, from left to right, so as to reduce the iterable to a single value. For example, reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) calculates ((((1+2)+3)+4)+5). The left argument, x, is the accumulated value and the right argument, y, is the update value from the iterable. If the optional initializer is present, it is placed before the items of the iterable in the calculation, and serves as a default when the iterable is empty. If initializer is not given and iterable contains only one item, the first item is returned. Roughly equivalent to:

 def reduce(function, iterable, initializer=None):
    it = iter(iterable)
    if initializer is None:
        try:
            initializer = next(it)
        except StopIteration:   
            raise TypeError('reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value')   
    accum_value = initializer                                                                  
    for x in it:
        accum_value = function(accum_value, x)   
    return accum_value

>>> lst = range(1,6)
>>> lst
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> r = 0
>>> for i in range(len(lst)):
...     r += lst[i]
...
>>> r
15

>>> a
[3, 9, 8, 5, 2]
>>> b
[1, 4, 9, 2, 6]

>>> zip(a,b)        #復習一下zip，下面的方法中要用到
[(3, 1), (9, 4), (8, 9), (5, 2), (2, 6)]

>>> sum(x*y for x,y in zip(a,b))    #解析后直接求和
133

>>> new_list = [x*y for x,y in zip(a,b)]    #可以看做是上面方法的分布實施
>>> #這樣解析也可以：new_tuple = (x*y for x,y in zip(a,b))
>>> new_list
[3, 36, 72, 10, 12]
>>> sum(new_list)     #或者:sum(new_tuple)
133

>>> reduce(lambda sum,(x,y): sum+x*y,zip(a,b),0)    #這個方法是在耍酷呢嗎？
133

>>> from operator import add,mul            #耍酷的方法也不止一個
>>> reduce(add,map(mul,a,b))
133

>>> reduce(lambda x,y: x+y, map(lambda x,y: x*y, a,b))  #map,reduce,lambda都齊全了，更酷嗎？
133

filter(function, iterable)

Construct a list from those elements of iterable for which function returns true. iterable may be either a sequence, a container which supports iteration, or an iterator. If iterable is a string or a tuple, the result also has that type; otherwise it is always a list. If function is None, the identity function is assumed, that is, all elements of iterable that are false are removed.

Note that filter(function, iterable) is equivalent to [item for item in iterable if function(item)] if function is not None and [item for item in iterable if item] if function is None.

>>> numbers = range(-5,5)
>>> numbers
[-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> filter(lambda x: x>0, numbers)
[1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> [x for x in numbers if x>0]     #與上面那句等效
[1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> filter(lambda c: c!='i', 'qiwsir')  #能不能對應上面文檔說明那句話呢？
'qwsr'                                  #“If iterable is a string or a tuple, the result also has that type;”