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1. 概述 1.1. 背景 1.2. Log4j簡介2.一個簡單的例子 2.1. 不使用Log4j 2.2. 遷移到Log4j 2.3. 比較3. Log4j基本使用方法 3.1.定義配置文件 3.2.在代碼中使用Log4j參考資料關于作者
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葵貞祥 (chinesemars@hotmail.com)
2002 年 6 月
1. 概述
1.1. 背景
在應用程序中添加日志記錄總的來說基于三個目的:監視代碼中變量的變化情況,周期性的記錄到文件中供其他應用進行統計分析工作;跟蹤代碼運行時軌跡,作為日后審計的依據;擔當集成開發環境中的調試器的作用,向文件或控制臺打印代碼的調試信息。
最普通的做法就是在代碼中嵌入許多的打印語句,這些打印語句可以輸出到控制臺或文件中,比較好的做法就是構造一個日志操作類來封裝此類操作,而不是讓一系列的打印語句充斥了代碼的主體。
1.2. Log4j簡介
在強調可重用組件開發的今天,除了自己從頭到尾開發一個可重用的日志操作類外,Apache為我們提供了一個強有力的日志操作包-Log4j。
Log4j是Apache的一個開放源代碼項目,通過使用Log4j,我們可以控制日志信息輸送的目的地是控制臺、文件、GUI組件、甚至是套接口服務器、NT的事件記錄器、UNIX Syslog守護進程等;我們也可以控制每一條日志的輸出格式;通過定義每一條日志信息的級別,我們能夠更加細致地控制日志的生成過程。最令人感愛好的就是,這些可以通過一個配置文件來靈活地進行配置,而不需要修改應用的代碼。
此外,通過Log4j其他語言接口,您可以在C、C++、.Net、PL/SQL程序中使用Log4j,其語法和用法與在Java程序中一樣,使得多語言分布式系統得到一個統一一致的日志組件模塊。而且,通過使用各種第三方擴展,您可以很方便地將Log4j集成到J2EE、JINI甚至是SNMP應用中。
本文介紹的Log4j版本是1.2.3。作者試圖通過一個簡單的客戶/服務器Java程序例子對比使用與不使用Log4j 1.2.3的差別,并具體講解了在實踐中最常使用Log4j的方法和步驟。在強調可重用組件開發的今天,相信Log4j將會給廣大的設計開發人員帶來方便。加入到Log4j的隊伍來吧!
2. 一個簡單的例子
我們先來看一個簡單的例子,它是一個用Java實現的客戶/服務器網絡程序。剛開始我們不使用Log4j,而是使用了一系列的打印語句,然后我們將使用Log4j來實現它的日志功能。這樣,大家就可以清楚地比較出前后兩個代碼的差別。
2.1. 不使用Log4j
2.1.1. 客戶程序
package log4j ;import java.io.* ;import java.net.* ;/** * * <p> Client Without Log4j </p> * <p> Description: a sample with log4j</p> * @version 1.0 */public class ClientWithoutLog4j { /** * * @param args */ public static void main ( String args [] ) { String welcome = null; String response = null; BufferedReader reader = null; PRintWriter writer = null; InputStream in = null; OutputStream out = null; Socket client = null; try { client = new Socket ( "localhost", 8001 ) ; System.out.println ( "info: Client socket: " + client ) ; in = client.getInputStream () ; out = client.getOutputStream () ; } catch ( IOException e ) { System.out.println ( "error: IOException : " + e ) ; System.exit ( 0 ) ; } try{ reader = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader ( in ) ) ; writer = new PrintWriter ( new OutputStreamWriter ( out ), true ) ; welcome = reader.readLine () ; System.out.println ( "debug: Server says: '" + welcome + "'" ) ; System.out.println ( "debug: HELLO" ) ; writer.println ( "HELLO" ) ; response = reader.readLine () ; System.out.println ( "debug: Server responds: '" + response + "'") ; System.out.println ( "debug: HELP" ) ; writer.println ( "HELP" ) ; response = reader.readLine () ; System.out.println ( "debug: Server responds: '" + response + "'" ) ; System.out.println ( "debug: QUIT" ) ; writer.println ( "QUIT" ) ; } catch ( IOException e ) { System.out.println ( "warn: IOException in client.in.readln()" ) ; System.out.println ( e ) ; } try{ Thread.sleep ( 2000 ) ; } catch ( Exception ignored ) {} }}
2.1.2. 服務器程序
package log4j ;import java.util.* ;import java.io.* ;import java.net.* ;/** * * <p> Server Without Log4j </p> * <p> Description: a sample with log4j</p> * @version 1.0 */public class ServerWithoutLog4j { final static int SERVER_PORT = 8001 ; // this server's port /** * * @param args */ public static void main ( String args [] ) { String clientRequest = null; BufferedReader reader = null; PrintWriter writer = null; ServerSocket server = null; Socket socket = null; InputStream in = null; OutputStream out = null; try { server = new ServerSocket ( SERVER_PORT ) ; System.out.println ( "info: ServerSocket before accept: " + server ) ; System.out.println ( "info: Java server without log4j, on-line!" ) ; // wait for client's connection socket = server.accept () ; System.out.println ( "info: ServerSocket after accept: " + server ) ; in = socket.getInputStream () ; out = socket.getOutputStream () ; } catch ( IOException e ) { System.out.println( "error: Server constrUCtor IOException: " + e ) ; System.exit ( 0 ) ; } reader = new BufferedReader ( new InputStreamReader ( in ) ) ; writer = new PrintWriter ( new OutputStreamWriter ( out ) , true ) ; // send welcome string to client writer.println ( "Java server without log4j, " + new Date () ) ; while ( true ) { try { // read from client clientRequest = reader.readLine () ; System.out.println ( "debug: Client says: " + clientRequest ) ; if ( clientRequest.startsWith ( "HELP" ) ) { System.out.println ( "debug: OK!" ) ; writer.println ( "Vocabulary: HELP QUIT" ) ; } else { if ( clientRequest.startsWith ( "QUIT" ) ) { System.out.println ( "debug: OK!" ) ; System.exit ( 0 ) ; } else{ System.out.println ( "warn: Command '" + clientRequest + "' not understood." ) ; writer.println ( "Command '" + clientRequest + "' not understood." ) ; } } } catch ( IOException e ) { System.out.println ( "error: IOException in Server " + e ) ; System.exit ( 0 ) ; } } }}2.2. 遷移到Log4j
2.2.1. 客戶程序
package log4j ;import java.io.* ;import java.net.* ;// add for log4j: import some packageimport org.apache.log4j.PropertyConfigurator ;import org.apache.log4j.Logger ;import org.apache.log4j.Level ;/** * * <p> Client With Log4j </p> * <p> Description: a sample with log4j</p> * @version 1.0 */public class ClientWithLog4j { /* add for log4j: class Logger is the central class in the log4j package. we can do most logging Operations by Logger except configuration. getLogger(...): retrieve a logger by name, if not then create for it. */ static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger ( ClientWithLog4j.class.getName () ) ; /** * * @param args : configuration file name */ public static void main ( String args [] ) { String welcome = null ; String response = null ; BufferedReader reader = null ; PrintWriter writer = null ; InputStream in = null ; OutputStream out = null ; Socket client = null ; /* add for log4j: class BasicConfigurator can quickly configure the package. print the information to console. */ PropertyConfigurator.configure ( "ClientWithLog4j.properties" ) ; // add for log4j: set the level// logger.setLevel ( ( Level ) Level.DEBUG ) ; try{ client = new Socket( "localhost" , 8001 ) ; // add for log4j: log a message with the info level logger.info ( "Client socket: " + client ) ; in = client.getInputStream () ; out = client.getOutputStream () ; } catch ( IOException e ) { // add for log4j: log a message with the error level logger.error ( "IOException : " + e ) ; System.exit ( 0 ) ; } try{ reader = new BufferedReader ( new InputStreamReader ( in ) ) ; writer = new PrintWriter ( new OutputStreamWriter ( out ), true ) ; welcome = reader.readLine () ; // add for log4j: log a message with the debug level logger.debug ( "Server says: '" + welcome + "'" ) ; // add for log4j: log a message with the debug level logger.debug ( "HELLO" ) ; writer.println ( "HELLO" ) ; response = reader.readLine () ; // add for log4j: log a message with the debug level logger.debug ( "Server responds: '" + response + "'" ) ; // add for log4j: log a message with the debug level logger.debug ( "HELP" ) ; writer.println ( "HELP" ) ; response = reader.readLine () ; // add for log4j: log a message with the debug level logger.debug ( "Server responds: '" + response + "'") ; // add for log4j: log a message with the debug level logger.debug ( "QUIT" ) ; writer.println ( "QUIT" ) ; } catch ( IOException e ) { // add for log4j: log a message with the warn level logger.warn ( "IOException in client.in.readln()" ) ; System.out.println ( e ) ; } try { Thread.sleep ( 2000 ) ; } catch ( Exception ignored ) {} }}2.2.2. 服務器程序
package log4j;import java.util.* ;import java.io.* ;import java.net.* ;// add for log4j: import some packageimport org.apache.log4j.PropertyConfigurator ;import org.apache.log4j.Logger ;import org.apache.log4j.Level ;/** * * <p> Server With Log4j </p> * <p> Description: a sample with log4j</p> * @version 1.0 */public class ServerWithLog4j { final static int SERVER_PORT = 8001 ; // this server's port /* add for log4j: class Logger is the central class in the log4j package. we can do most logging operations by Logger except configuration. getLogger(...): retrieve a logger by name, if not then create for it. */ static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger ( ServerWithLog4j.class.getName () ) ; /** * * @param args */ public static void main ( String args[]) { String clientRequest = null ; BufferedReader reader = null ; PrintWriter writer = null ; ServerSocket server = null ; Socket socket = null ; InputStream in = null ; OutputStream out = null ; /* add for log4j: class BasicConfigurator can quickly configure the package. print the information to console. */ PropertyConfigurator.configure ( "ServerWithLog4j.properties" ) ; // add for log4j: set the level// logger.setLevel ( ( Level ) Level.DEBUG ) ; try{ server = new ServerSocket ( SERVER_PORT ) ; // add for log4j: log a message with the info level logger.info ( "ServerSocket before accept: " + server ) ; // add for log4j: log a message with the info level logger.info ( "Java server with log4j, on-line!" ) ; // wait for client's connection socket = server.accept() ; // add for log4j: log a message with the info level logger.info ( "ServerSocket after accept: " + server ) ; in = socket.getInputStream() ; out = socket.getOutputStream() ; } catch ( IOException e ) { // add for log4j: log a message with the error level logger.error ( "Server constructor IOException: " + e ) ; System.exit ( 0 ) ; } reader = new BufferedReader ( new InputStreamReader ( in ) ) ; writer = new PrintWriter ( new OutputStreamWriter ( out ), true ) ; // send welcome string to client writer.println ( "Java server with log4j, " + new Date () ) ; while ( true ) { try { // read from client clientRequest = reader.readLine () ; // add for log4j: log a message with the debug level logger.debug ( "Client says: " + clientRequest ) ; if ( clientRequest.startsWith ( "HELP" ) ) { // add for log4j: log a message with the debug level logger.debug ( "OK!" ) ; writer.println ( "Vocabulary: HELP QUIT" ) ; } else { if ( clientRequest.startsWith ( "QUIT" ) ) { // add for log4j: log a message with the debug level logger.debug ( "OK!" ) ; System.exit ( 0 ) ; } else { // add for log4j: log a message with the warn level logger.warn ( "Command '" + clientRequest + "' not understood." ) ; writer.println ( "Command '" + clientRequest + "' not understood." ) ; } } } catch ( IOException e ) { // add for log4j: log a message with the error level logger.error( "IOException in Server " + e ) ; System.exit ( 0 ) ; } } }}2.2.3. 配置文件
2.2.3.1. 客戶程序配置文件
log4j.rootLogger=INFO, A1log4j.appender.A1=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppenderlog4j.appender.A1.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayoutlog4j.appender.A1.layout.ConversionPattern=%-4r %-5p [%t] %37c %3x - %m%n
2.2.3.2. 服務器程序配置文件
log4j.rootLogger=INFO, A1log4j.appender.A1=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppenderlog4j.appender.A1.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayoutlog4j.appender.A1.layout.ConversionPattern=%-4r %-5p [%t] %37c %3x - %m%n
2.3. 比較
比較這兩個應用可以看出,采用Log4j進行日志操作的整個過程相當簡單明了,與直接使用System.out.println語句進行日志信息輸出的方式相比,基本上沒有增加代碼量,同時能夠清楚地理解每一條日志信息的重要程度。通過控制配置文件,我們還可以靈活地修改日志信息的格式,輸出目的地等等方面,而單純依靠System.out.println語句,顯然需要做更多的工作。
下面我們將以前面使用Log4j的應用作為例子,具體講解使用Log4j的主要步驟。
3. Log4j基本使用方法
Log4j由三個重要的組件構成:日志信息的優先級,日志信息的輸出目的地,日志信息的輸出格式。日志信息的優先級從高到低有ERROR、WARN、INFO、DEBUG,分別用來指定這條日志信息的重要程度;日志信息的輸出目的地指定了日志將打印到控制臺還是文件中;而輸出格式則控制了日志信息的顯示內容。
3.1.定義配置文件
其實您也可以完全不使用配置文件,而是在代碼中配置Log4j環境。但是,使用配置文件將使您的應用程序更加靈活。
Log4j支持兩種配置文件格式,一種是xml格式的文件,一種是Java特性文件(鍵=值)。下面我們介紹使用Java特性文件做為配置文件的方法:
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