C語言庫函數(M類字母)

2019-11-17 05:43:09

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main()主函數
    每一C 程序都必須有一main()函數, 可以根據自己的愛好把它放在程序的某
個地方。有些程序員把它放在最前面, 而另一些程序員把它放在最后面, 無論放
在哪個地方, 以下幾點說明都是適合的。
    1. main() 參數
    在Turbo C2.0啟動過程中, 傳遞main()函數三個參數: argc, argv和env。
     * argc:  整數, 為傳給main()的命令行參數個數。
     * argv:  字符串數組。
              在DOS 3.X 版本中, argv[0] 為程序運行的全路徑名; 對DOS 3.0
              以下的版本, argv[0]為空串("") 。
              argv[1] 為在DOS命令行中執行程序名后的第一個字符串;
              argv[2] 為執行程序名后的第二個字符串;
              ...
              argv[argc]為NULL。
     *env:  安符串數組。env[] 的每一個元素都包含ENVVAR=value形式的字符
串。其中ENVVAR為環境變量如PATH或87。value 為ENVVAR的對應值如C:/DOS, C:
/TURBOC(對于PATH) 或YES(對于87)。
    Turbo C2.0啟動時總是把這三個參數傳遞給main()函數, 可以在用戶程序中
說明(或不說明)它們, 假如說明了部分(或全部)參數, 它們就成為main()子程序
的局部變量。
    請注重: 一旦想說明這些參數, 則必須按argc, argv, env 的順序, 如以下
的例子:
     main()
     main(int argc)
     main(int argc, char *argv[])
     main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[])
    其中第二種情況是合法的, 但不常見, 因為在程序中很少有只用argc, 而不
用argv[]的情況。
    以下提供一樣例程序EXAMPLE.EXE,  演示如何在main()函數中使用三個參數:
     /*PRogram name EXAMPLE.EXE*/
     #include <stdio.h>
     #include <stdlib.h>
     main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[])
     {
          int i;
          printf("These are the %d  command- line  arguments passed  to

                  main:/n/n", argc);
          for(i=0; i<=argc; i++)
            printf("argv[%d]:%s/n", i, argv[i]);
          printf("/nThe environment string(s)on this system are:/n/n");
          for(i=0; env[i]!=NULL; i++)
               printf(" env[%d]:%s/n", i, env[i]);
     }
    假如在DOS 提示符下, 按以下方式運行EXAMPLE.EXE:
    C:/example first_argument "argument with blanks"  3  4  "last  but
one" stop!
    注重: 可以用雙引號括起內含空格的參數, 如本例中的:   "  argument
with blanks"和"Last but one")。
    結果是這樣的:
     The value of argc is 7
     These are the 7 command-linearguments passed to main:
     argv[0]:C:/TURBO/EXAMPLE.EXE
     argv[1]:first_argument
     argv[2]:argument with blanks
     argv[3]:3
     argv[4]:4
     argv[5]:last but one
     argv[6]:stop!
     argv[7]:(NULL)
     The environment string(s) on this system are:
     env[0]: COMSPEC=C:/COMMAND.COM
     env[1]: PROMPT=$P$G            /*視具體設置而定*/
     env[2]: PATH=C:/DOS;C:/TC      /*視具體設置而定*/

     應該提醒的是: 傳送main() 函數的命令行參數的最大長度為128 個字符 (包
括參數間的空格),  這是由DOS 限制的。


函數名: matherr
功  能: 用戶可修改的數學錯誤處理程序
用  法: int matherr(strUCt exception *e);

程序例:

/* This is a user-defined matherr function that prevents
   any error messages from being printed. */

#include<math.h>

int matherr(struct exception *a)
{
   return 1;
}




函數名: memccpy
功  能: 從源source中拷貝n個字節到目標destin中
用  法: void *memccpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned char ch,
       unsigned n);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
   char *src = "This is the source string";
   char dest[50];
   char *ptr;

   ptr = memccpy(dest, src, 'c', strlen(src));

   if (ptr)
   {
      *ptr = '/0';
      printf("The character was found:  %s/n", dest);
   }
   else
      printf("The character wasn't found/n");
   return 0;
}



函數名: malloc
功  能: 內存分配函數
用  法: void *malloc(unsigned size);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <process.h>

int main(void)
{
   char *str;

   /* allocate memory for string */
   /* This will generate an error when compiling */
   /* with C++, use the new Operator instead. */
   if ((str = malloc(10)) == NULL)
   {
      printf("Not enough memory to allocate buffer/n");
      exit(1);  /* terminate program if out of memory */

   }

   /* copy "Hello" into string */
   strcpy(str, "Hello");

   /* display string */
   printf("String is %s/n", str);

   /* free memory */
   free(str);

   return 0;
}




函數名: memchr
功  能: 在數組的前n個字節中搜索字符
用  法: void *memchr(void *s, char ch, unsigned n);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
   char str[17];
   char *ptr;

   strcpy(str, "This is a string");
   ptr = memchr(str, 'r', strlen(str));
   if (ptr)
      printf("The character 'r' is at position: %d/n", ptr - str);
   else
      printf("The character was not found/n");
   return 0;
}


函數名: memcpy
功  能: 從源source中拷貝n個字節到目標destin中
用  法: void *memcpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
   char src[] = "******************************";
   char dest[] = "abcdefghijlkmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456709";
   char *ptr;
   printf("destination before memcpy: %s/n", dest);
   ptr = memcpy(dest, src, strlen(src));
   if (ptr)
      printf("destination after memcpy:  %s/n", dest);
   else
      printf("memcpy failed/n");
   return 0;
}



函數名: memicmp
功  能: 比較兩個串s1和s2的前n個字節, 忽略大小寫

用  法: int memicmp(void *s1, void *s2, unsigned n);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
   char *buf1 = "ABCDE123";
   char *buf2 = "abcde456";
   int stat;
   stat = memicmp(buf1, buf2, 5);
   printf("The strings to position 5 are ");
   if (stat)
      printf("not ");
   printf("the same/n");
   return 0;
}



函數名: memmove
功  能: 移動一塊字節
用  法: void *memmove(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
  char *dest = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
  char *src = "******************************";
  printf("destination prior to memmove: %s/n", dest);
  memmove(dest, src, 26);
  printf("destination after memmove:    %s/n", dest);
  return 0;
}




函數名: memset
功  能: 設置s中的所有字節為ch, s數組的大小由n給定
用  法: void *memset(void *s, char ch, unsigned n);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <mem.h>

int main(void)
{
   char buffer[] = "Hello world/n";

   printf("Buffer before memset: %s/n", buffer);
   memset(buffer, '*', strlen(buffer) - 1);
   printf("Buffer after memset:  %s/n", buffer);
   return 0;
}



函數名: mkdir
功  能: 建立一個目錄
用  法: int mkdir(char *pathname);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

#include <process.h>
#include <dir.h>

int main(void)
{
  int status;

   clrscr();
   status = mkdir("asdfjklm");
   (!status) ? (printf("Directory created/n")) :
               (printf("Unable to create directory/n"));

   getch();
   system("dir");
   getch();

   status = rmdir("asdfjklm");
   (!status) ? (printf("Directory deleted/n")) :
  (perror("Unable to delete directory"));

   return 0;
}




函數名: mktemp
功  能: 建立唯一的文件名
用  法: char *mktemp(char *template);
程序例:

#include <dir.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
   /* fname defines the template for the
     temporary file.  */

   char *fname = "TXXXXXX", *ptr;

   ptr = mktemp(fname);
   printf("%s/n",ptr);
   return 0;
}



函數名: MK_FP
功  能: 設置一個遠指針
用  法: void far *MK_FP(unsigned seg, unsigned off);
程序例:

#include <dos.h>
#include <graphics.h>

int main(void)
{
   int gd, gm, i;
   unsigned int far *screen;

   detectgraph(&gd, &gm);
   if (gd == HERCMONO)
       screen = MK_FP(0xB000, 0);
   else
       screen = MK_FP(0xB800, 0);
   for (i=0; i<26; i++)
      screen[i] = 0x0700 + ('a' + i);

   return 0;
}



函數名: modf
功  能: 把數分為指數和尾數
用  法: double modf(double value, double *iptr);
程序例:

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
   double fraction, integer;
   double number = 100000.567;

   fraction = modf(number, &integer);
   printf("The whole and fractional parts of %lf are %lf and %lf/n",
          number, integer, fraction);
   return 0;
}



函數名: movedata
功  能: 拷貝字節
用  法: void movedata(int segsrc, int offsrc, int segdest,
  int offdest, unsigned numbytes);
程序例:

#include <mem.h>

#define MONO_BASE 0xB000

/* saves the contents of the monoChrome screen in buffer */
void save_mono_screen(char near *buffer)
{
   movedata(MONO_BASE, 0, _DS, (unsigned)buffer, 80*25*2);
}

int main(void)
{
   char buf[80*25*2];
   save_mono_screen(buf);
}



函數名: moverel
功  能: 將當前位置(CP)移動一相對距離
用  法: void far moverel(int dx, int dy);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
   /* request auto detection */
   int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
   char msg[80];

   /* initialize graphics and local variables */
   initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

   /* read result of initialization */
   errorcode = graphresult();

   if (errorcode != grOk)  /* an error occurred */
   {
      printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
      printf("Press any key to halt:");
      getch();
      exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
   }

   /* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
   moveto(20, 30);

   /* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
   putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());

   /* create and output a message at (20, 30) */
   sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
   outtextxy(20, 30, msg);

   /* move to a point a relative distance */
   /* away from the current value of C.P. */
   moverel(100, 100);

   /* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
   putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());

   /* create and output a message at C.P. */
   sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
   outtext(msg);

   /* clean up */
   getch();
   closegraph();
   return 0;
}



函數名: movetext
功  能: 將屏幕文本從一個矩形區域拷貝到另一個矩形區域
用  法: int movetext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
  int newleft, int newtop);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
   char *str = "This is a test string";

   clrscr();
   cputs(str);
   getch();

   movetext(1, 1, strlen(str), 2, 10, 10);

   getch();

   return 0;
}



函數名: moveto
功  能: 將CP移到(x, y)
用  法: void far moveto(int x, int y);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
   /* request auto detection */
   int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
   char msg[80];

   /* initialize graphics and local variables */
   initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

   /* read result of initialization */
   errorcode = graphresult();
   if (errorcode != grOk)  /* an error occurred */
   {
      printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
      printf("Press any key to halt:");
      getch();
      exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
   }

   /* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
   moveto(20, 30);

   /* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
   putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());

   /* create and output a message at (20, 30) */
   sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
   outtextxy(20, 30, msg);

   /* move to (100, 100) */
   moveto(100, 100);

   /* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
   putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());

   /* create and output a message at C.P. */
   sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
   outtext(msg);

   /* clean up */
   getch();
   closegraph();
   return 0;
}



函數名: movemem
功  能: 移動一塊字節
用  法: void movemem(void *source, void *destin, unsigned len);
程序例:

#include <mem.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
   char *source = "Borland International";
   char *destination;
   int length;

   length = strlen(source);
   destination = malloc(length + 1);
   movmem(source,destination,length);
   printf("%s/n",destination);

   return 0;
}



函數名: normvideo
功  能: 選擇正常亮度字符
用  法: void normvideo(void);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
   normvideo();
   cprintf("NORMAL Intensity Text/r/n");
   return 0;
}



函數名: nosound
功  能: 關閉PC揚聲器
用  法: void nosound(void);
程序例:

/* Emits a 7-Hz tone for 10 seconds.

     True story: 7 Hz is the resonant frequency of a chicken's skull cavity.
     This was determined empirically in Australia, where a new factory
     generating 7-Hz tones was located too close to a chicken ranch:
     When the factory started up, all the chickens died.

     Your PC may not be able to emit a 7-Hz tone.
*/

int main(void)
{
   sound(7);
   delay(10000);
   nosound();

}

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