Python標準庫中用來處理HTTP的模塊是urllib2，不過其中的API太零碎了，requests是更簡單更人性化的第三方庫。
用pip下載：
pip install requests
或者git：
git clone git://github.com/kennethreitz/requests.git
GET方法
>>> import requests>>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')POST方法：
>>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")也可以使用其它方法：
>>> r = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")>>> r = requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")>>> r = requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")>>> r = requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")也可以將請求方法放在參數中：
>>> import requests>>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')1.如果要將參數放在url中傳遞，使用params參數，可以是字典或者字符串：
>>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}>>> r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)>>> r.urlu'http://httpbin.org/get?key2=value2&key1=value1'2.如果要將參數放在request body中傳遞，使用data參數，可以是字典，字符串或者是類文件對象。
使用字典時將發送form-encoded data：
>>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}>>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)>>> PRint(r.text){ ... "form": { "key2": "value2", "key1": "value1" }, ...}使用字符串時將直接發送數據：
>>> import json>>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'>>> payload = {'some': 'data'}>>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))流上傳：
with open('massive-body', 'rb') as f: requests.post('http://some.url/streamed', data=f)Chunk-Encoded上傳：
def gen(): yield 'hi' yield 'there'requests.post('http://some.url/chunked', data=gen())3.如果要上傳文件，可以使用file參數發送Multipart-encoded數據，file參數是{ 'name': file-like-objects}格式的字典 (or {'name':('filename', fileobj)}) ：
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'>>> files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}>>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)>>> r.text{ ... "files": { "file": "<censored...binary...data>" }, ...}也可以明確設置filename, content_type and headers：
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'>>> files = {'file': ('report.xls', open('report.xls', 'rb'), 'application/vnd.ms-Excel', {'Expires': '0'})}>>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)>>> print r.text{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": { "file": "1/t2/r/n" }, "form": {}, "headers": { "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=e0f9ff1303b841498ae53a903f27e565", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.2.1 CPython/2.7.3 Windows/7", }, "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"}一次性上傳多個文件：
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'>>> multiple_files = [('images', ('foo.png', open('foo.png', 'rb'), 'image/png')), ('images', ('bar.png', open('bar.png', 'rb'), 'image/png'))]>>> r = requests.post(url, files=multiple_files)>>> r.text{ ... 'files': {'images': 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw ....'} 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=3131623adb2043caaeb5538cc7aa0b3a', ...}>>> import json>>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'>>> payload = {'some': 'data'}>>> headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}>>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)獲取unicode字符串，會自動根據響應頭部的字符編碼(r.encoding)進行解碼，當然也可以自己設定r.encoding：
>>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')>>> r.textu'{"message":"Hello there, wayfaring stranger...獲取bytes字符串，會自動解碼gzip和deflate數據：
>>> r.content'{"message":"Hello there, wayfaring stranger. ..要存儲web圖片，可以：
>>> from PIL import Image>>> from StringIO import StringIO>>> i = Image.open(StringIO(r.content))
可以解碼json對象：
>>> r.json(){u'documentation_url': u'https://developer...返回raw response，需要在requests請求中將stream設為True：
>>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json', stream=True)>>> r.raw<requests.packages.urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x101194810>>>> r.raw.read(10)'/x1f/x8b/x08/x00/x00/x00/x00/x00/x00/x03'如果不想一次性處理全部的數據，可以：
tarball_url = 'https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/tarball/master'r = requests.get(tarball_url, stream=True)if int(r.headers['content-length']) < TOO_LONG: content = r.content ...
也可以迭代的處理數據：
with open(filename, 'wb') as fd: for chunk in r.iter_content(chunk_size): fd.write(chunk)
或者：
import jsonimport requestsr = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/stream/20', stream=True)for line in r.iter_lines(): # filter out keep-alive new lines if line: print(json.loads(line))獲取響應代碼：
>>> r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')>>> r.status_code200獲取響應headers：
>>> r.headers{ 'content-encoding': 'gzip', 'transfer-encoding': 'chunked', 'connection': 'close', 'server': 'nginx/1.0.4', 'x-runtime': '148ms', 'etag': '"e1ca502697e5c9317743dc078f67693f"', 'content-type': 'application/json'}獲取發送的headers
>>> r.request.headers{'Accept-Encoding': 'identity, deflate, compress, gzip','Accept': '*/*', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/1.2.0'}獲取cookie，返回CookieJar對象：
>>> url = 'http://www.baidu.com'>>> r = requests.get(url)>>> r.cookies
將CookieJar轉為字典：
>>> requests.utils.dict_from_cookiejar(r.cookies){'BAIDUID': '84722199DF8EDC372D549EC56CA1A0E2:FG=1', 'BD_HOME': '0', 'BDSVRTM': '0'}將字典轉為CookieJar：
requests.utils.cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True)
上傳自己設置的cookie，使用cookies參數，可以是字典或者CookieJar對象：
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'>>> cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')>>> r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)>>> r.text'{"cookies": {"cookies_are": "working"}}'如果需要在會話中保留cookie，需要用到后面要說的session。
可以用history屬性來追蹤redirection
>>> r = requests.get('http://github.com')>>> r.url'https://github.com/'>>> r.status_code200>>> r.history[<Response [301]>]要在會話中保留狀態，可以使用request.Session()。
Session可以使用get，post等方法，Session對象在請求時允許你保留一定的參數和自動設置cookie
s = requests.Session()s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789') #cookie保留在s中r = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") #再次訪問時會保留cookieprint(r.text)# '{"cookies": {"sessioncookie": "123456789"}}'也可以自己設置headers，cookies：
s = requests.Session()s.auth = ('user', 'pass')s.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'}) # 'x-test' and 'x-test2' 都會被發送可以在發送request前做些額外的設定
from requests import Request, Sessions = Session()req = Request('GET', url, data=data, headers=header)prepped = req.prepare()# do something with prepped.body# do something with prepped.headersresp = s.send(prepped, stream=stream, verify=verify, proxies=proxies, cert=cert, timeout=timeout)print(resp.status_code) Basic Authentication
>>> from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth>>> requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'pass'))<Response [200]>因為HTTP Basic Auth很常用，所以也可以直接驗證：
>>> requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass'))<Response [200]>Digest Authentication
>>> from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass'>>> requests.get(url, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))<Response [200]>OAuth 1 Authentication
>>> import requests>>> from requests_oauthlib import OAuth1>>> url = 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account/verify_credentials.json'>>> auth = OAuth1('YOUR_APP_KEY', 'YOUR_APP_SECRET', 'USER_OAUTH_TOKEN', 'USER_OAUTH_TOKEN_SECRET')>>> requests.get(url, auth=auth)<Response [200]>也可以使用自己寫的驗證類。比如某個web服務接受將X-Pizza報頭設置成密碼的驗證，可以這樣寫驗證類：
from requests.auth import AuthBaseclass PizzaAuth(AuthBase): """Attaches HTTP Pizza Authentication to the given Request object.""" def __init__(self, username): # setup any auth-related data here self.username = username def __call__(self, r): # modify and return the request r.headers['X-Pizza'] = self.username return r
使用：
>>> requests.get('http://pizzabin.org/admin', auth=PizzaAuth('kenneth'))<Response [200]>檢查主機的ssl證書：
>>> requests.get('https://kennethreitz.com', verify=True) raise ConnectionError(e)ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='kennethreitz.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: / (Caused by <class 'socket.error'>: [Errno 10061] )github是有的：
>>> requests.get('https://github.com', verify=True)<Response [200]>如果你設置驗證設置為False，也可以忽略驗證SSL證書。
可以讀取驗證文件：
>>> requests.get('https://kennethreitz.com', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))使用代理：
import requestsproxies = { "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128", "https": "http://10.10.1.10:1080",}requests.get("http://example.org", proxies=proxies)可以設置環境變量：
$ export HTTP_PROXY="http://10.10.1.10:3128"$ export HTTPS_PROXY="http://10.10.1.10:1080"$ python>>> import requests>>> requests.get("http://example.org")如果代理需要驗證：
proxies = { "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",}
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