try: <statements> #運行try語句塊,并試圖捕獲異常except <name1>: <statements> #如果name1異常發現,那么執行該語句塊。except (name2, name3): <statements> #如果元組內的任意異常發生,那么捕獲它except <name4> as <variable>: <statements> #如果name4異常發生,那么進入該語句塊,并把異常實例命名為variableexcept: <statements> #發生了以上所有列出的異常之外的異常else:<statements> #如果沒有異常發生,那么執行該語句塊finally: <statement> #無論是否有異常發生,均會執行該語句塊。說明
raise語句用來手動拋出一個異常,有下面幾種調用格式:
raise ValueError('we can only accept positive values')當使用from的時候,第二個表達式指定了另一個異常類或實例,它會附加到引發異常的__cause__屬性。如果引發的異常沒有捕獲,Python把異常也作為標準出錯消息的一部分打印出來:
比如下面的代碼:
try: 1/0except Exception as E: raise TypeError('bad input') from E執行的結果如下:
Traceback (most recent call last): File "hh.py", line 2, in <module> 1/0ZeroDivisionError: division by zeroThe above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:Traceback (most recent call last): File "hh.py", line 4, in <module> raise TypeError('bad input') from ETypeError: bad inputassert主要用來做斷言,通常用在單元測試中較多,到時候再做介紹。
with語句支持更豐富的基于對象的協議,可以為代碼塊定義支持進入和離開動作。
with語句對應的環境管理協議要求如下:
__enter__和__exit__方法。__enter__方法會在初始化的時候運行,如果存在ass子在,__enter__函數的返回值會賦值給as子句中的變量,否則,直接丟棄。__exit__(type,value,traceback)方法就會被調用(帶有異常細節)。這些也是由 sys.exc_info返回的相同值.如果此方法返回值為假,則異常會重新引發。否則,異常會終止。正常 情況下異常是應該被重新引發,這樣的話才能傳遞到with語句之外。__exit__方法依然會被調用,其type、value以及traceback參數都會以None傳遞。下面為一個簡單的自定義的上下文管理類。
class Block: def __enter__(self): PRint('entering to the block') return self def prt(self, args): print('this is the block we do %s' % args) def __exit__(self,exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb): if exc_type is None: print('exit normally without exception') else: print('found exception: %s, and detailed info is %s' % (exc_type, exc_value)) return Falsewith Block() as b: b.prt('actual work!') raise ValueError('wrong')如果注銷到上面的raise語句,那么會正常退出。
在沒有注銷掉該raise語句的情況下,運行結果如下:
entering to the blockthis is the block we do actual work!found exception: <class 'ValueError'>, and detailed info is wrongTraceback (most recent call last): File "hh.py", line 18, in <module> raise ValueError('wrong')ValueError: wrong如果發生異常,那么通過調用sys.exc_info()函數,可以返回包含3個元素的元組。 第一個元素就是引發異常類,而第二個是實際引發的實例,第三個元素traceback對象,代表異常最初發生時調用的堆棧。如果一切正常,那么會返回3個None。
|Exception Name|Description||BaseException|Root class for all exceptions|| SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter||KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)||Exception|Root class for regular exceptions|| StopIteration|Iteration has no further values|| GeneratorExit|Exception sent to generator to tell it to quit|| SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter|| StandardError|Base class for all standard built-in exceptions|| ArithmeticError|Base class for all numeric calculation errors|| FloatingPointError|Error in floating point calculation|| OverflowError|Calculation exceeded maximum limit for numerical type|| ZeroDivisionError|Division (or modulus) by zero error (all numeric types)|| AssertionError|Failure of assert statement|| AttributeError|No such object attribute|| EOFError|End-of-file marker reached without input from built-in|| EnvironmentError|Base class for Operating system environment errors|| IOError|Failure of input/output operation|| OSError|Operating system error|| WindowsError|MS Windows system call failure|| ImportError|Failure to import module or object|| KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)|| LookupError|Base class for invalid data lookup errors|| IndexError|No such index in sequence|| KeyError|No such key in mapping|| MemoryError|Out-of-memory error (non-fatal to Python interpreter)|| NameError|Undeclared/uninitialized object(non-attribute)|| UnboundLocalError|access of an uninitialized local variable|| ReferenceError|Weak reference tried to access a garbage collected object|| RuntimeError|Generic default error during execution|| NotImplementedError|Unimplemented method|| SyntaxError|Error in Python syntax|| IndentationError|Improper indentation|| TabErrorg|Improper mixture of TABs and spaces|| SystemError|Generic interpreter system error|| TypeError|Invalid operation for type|| ValueError|Invalid argument given|| UnicodeError|Unicode-related error|| UnicodeDecodeError|Unicode error during decoding|| UnicodeEncodeError|Unicode error during encoding|| UnicodeTranslate Error|Unicode error during translation|| Warning|Root class for all warnings|| DeprecationWarning|Warning about deprecated features|| FutureWarning|Warning about constructs that will change semantically in the future|| OverflowWarning|Old warning for auto-long upgrade|| PendingDeprecation Warning|Warning about features that will be deprecated in the future|| RuntimeWarning|Warning about dubious runtime behavior|| SyntaxWarning|Warning about dubious syntax|| UserWarning|Warning generated by user code|新聞熱點
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