使用getopt_long()從命令行獲取參數(shù),struct option

2019-11-11 05:42:33

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本文來(lái)自：http://blog.csdn.net/yui/article/details/5669922

函數(shù)說(shuō)明

#include函數(shù)說(shuō)明：函數(shù)getopt用來(lái)解析命令行參數(shù)。函數(shù)getopt_long支持長(zhǎng)選項(xiàng)的命令行解析。函數(shù)原型：intgetopt_long(int argc, char* constargv[], const char*optstring, const struct option*longopts, int*longindex);參數(shù)：argc、argv直接從main函數(shù)中獲取。opting是選項(xiàng)參數(shù)組成的字符串，由下列元素組成：1.單個(gè)字符，表示選項(xiàng)，2.單個(gè)字符后接一個(gè)冒號(hào)：表示該選項(xiàng)后必須跟一個(gè)參數(shù)。參數(shù)緊跟在選項(xiàng)后或者以空格隔開(kāi)。該參數(shù)的指針賦給optarg。3.單個(gè)字符后跟兩個(gè)冒號(hào)，表示該選項(xiàng)后可以有參數(shù)也可以沒(méi)有參數(shù)。如果有參數(shù)，參數(shù)必須緊跟在選項(xiàng)后不能以空格隔開(kāi)。該參數(shù)的指針賦給optarg。（這個(gè)特性是GNU的擴(kuò)張）。optstring是一個(gè)字符串，表示可以接受的參數(shù)。例如，"a:b:cd"，表示可以接受的參數(shù)是a,b,c,d，其中，a和b參數(shù)后面跟有更多的參數(shù)值。(例如：-ahost -b name)longopts是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的實(shí)例：structoption{ constchar *name; //name表示的是長(zhǎng)參數(shù)名 inthas_arg； //has_arg有3個(gè)值，no_argument(或者是0)，表示該參數(shù)后面不跟參數(shù)值 //required_argument(或者是1),表示該參數(shù)后面一定要跟個(gè)參數(shù)值 //optional_argument(或者是2),表示該參數(shù)后面可以跟，也可以不跟參數(shù)值 int*flag; //用來(lái)決定getopt_long()的返回值是什么。 //flag是null，則函數(shù)會(huì)返回與該項(xiàng)option匹配的val值。 int val; //和flag聯(lián)合決定返回值 }；int *flag 如果這個(gè)指針為NULL，那么getopt_long()返回該結(jié)構(gòu)val字段中的數(shù)值。如果該指針不NULL，getopt_long()會(huì)使得它所指向的變量中填入val字段中的數(shù)值，并且getopt_long()返回0。如果flag不是NULL，但未發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)選項(xiàng)，那么它所指向的變量的數(shù)值不變。int val 這個(gè)值是發(fā)現(xiàn)了長(zhǎng)選項(xiàng)時(shí)的返回值，或者flag不是NULL時(shí)載入*flag中的值。典型情況下，若flag不是NULL，那么val是個(gè)真／假值，譬如1或0；另一方面，如果flag是NULL，那么val通常是字符常量，若長(zhǎng)選項(xiàng)與短選項(xiàng)一致，那么該字符常量應(yīng)該與optstring中出現(xiàn)的這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的參數(shù)相同。=========================================================================給個(gè)例子：struct option long_options[] ={ {"a123", required_argument,0, 'a'}, {"c123", no_argument, 0,'c'},};現(xiàn)在，如果命令行的參數(shù)是-a123，那么調(diào)用getopt_long()將返回字符'a',并且將字符串123由optarg返回(注意注意！字符串123由optarg帶回！optarg不需要定義，在getopt.h中已經(jīng)有定義)。那么，如果命令行參數(shù)是-c，那么調(diào)用getopt_long()將返回字符'c',而此時(shí)，optarg是null。最后，當(dāng)getopt_long()將命令行所有參數(shù)全部解析完成后，返回-1。===========================================================================以上來(lái)自網(wǎng)絡(luò)，便于學(xué)習(xí)記憶摘錄在這里，下面是自己的理解：函數(shù)原型：int getopt_long(intargc, char* const argv[], const char*optstring, const struct option*longopts, int*longindex);其中optstring為單個(gè)字符參數(shù)，稱為short_opts。而longopts為多個(gè)字符（即一個(gè)或多個(gè)單詞連接）參數(shù)，稱為long_opts。參數(shù)longindex為longopts數(shù)組中的索引返回值。具體用法參考suricata中main()函數(shù)中解析命令行參數(shù)：//短字符參數(shù)charshort_opts[] = "c:TDhi:l:q:d:r:us:S:U:VF:";//長(zhǎng)字符參數(shù) structoption long_opts[] = { {"dump-config", 0, &dump_config, 1}, // getopt_long返回值為0，dump_config保存為1 {"pfring", optional_argument, 0, 0}, // getopt_long返回值為0 {"pfring-int", required_argument, 0, 0}, // getopt_long返回值為0,必須有參數(shù) {"pfring-cluster-id", required_argument, 0,0}, {"pfring-cluster-type", required_argument, 0,0}, {"af-packet", optional_argument, 0, 0}, {"pcap", optional_argument, 0, 0}, {"pcap-buffer-size", required_argument, 0,0}, {"unittest-filter", required_argument, 0,'U'},// getopt_long返回值為‘U’,必須有參數(shù) {"list-app-layer-PRotos", 0,&list_app_layer_protocols, 1}, {"list-unittests", 0, &list_unittests,1}, {"list-cuda-cards", 0, &list_cuda_cards,1}, {"list-runmodes", 0, &list_runmodes,1}, {"list-keyWords", optional_argument,&list_keywords, 1}, {"runmode", required_argument, NULL, 0}, {"engine-analysis", 0, &engine_analysis,1}, {"pidfile", required_argument, 0, 0}, {"init-errors-fatal", 0, 0, 0}, {"fatal-unittests", 0, 0, 0}, {"user", required_argument, 0, 0}, {"group", required_argument, 0, 0}, {"erf-in", required_argument, 0, 0}, {"dag", required_argument, 0, 0}, {"napatech", 0, 0, 0}, {"build-info", 0, &build_info, 1}, {NULL, 0, NULL, 0} }; // 長(zhǎng)字符數(shù)組索引 intoption_index = 0; // 以下是用法 while ((opt= getopt_long(argc, argv, short_opts, long_opts,&option_index)) != -1) { switch (opt) { // case為函數(shù)返回值 case 0: if(strcmp((long_opts[option_index]).name , "pfring") == 0 || strcmp((long_opts[option_index]).name , "pfring-int") ==0) { // TO-DO... } else if(strcmp((long_opts[option_index]).name , "pcap") ==0) { // TO-DO... } break; case 'c': break; case 'T': break; default: usage(argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } }

函數(shù)使用

眾所周知，C程序的主函數(shù)有兩個(gè)參數(shù)，其中，第一個(gè)參數(shù)是整型，可以獲得包括程序名字的參數(shù)個(gè)數(shù)，第二個(gè)參數(shù)是字符數(shù)組指針或字符指針的指針，可以按順序獲得命令行上各個(gè)字符串參數(shù)。其原形是：

int main(int argc, char *argv[]);

或者

int main(int argc, char **argv);

如果有一個(gè)解析CDR的程序，名叫destroy，負(fù)責(zé)將一個(gè)二進(jìn)制格式的CDR文件轉(zhuǎn)換為文本文件，輸出的文本的樣式由另外一個(gè)描述文件定義，那么，命令行要求輸入的參數(shù)就有三個(gè)：CDR文件名、輸出文件名和描述文件名。其中，前兩個(gè)參數(shù)是必須輸入的，第三個(gè)的描述文件名可以不輸入，程序會(huì)自動(dòng)采用默認(rèn)的輸出樣式。很自然，主函數(shù)的三個(gè)參數(shù)就應(yīng)該這樣排列：

./destroy cdr cdr.txt [cdr.desc]

這樣做在一般情況下不會(huì)有太大問(wèn)題，問(wèn)題來(lái)源于擴(kuò)展性的需求。如果有一天，用戶要求解析程序能夠按關(guān)鍵字解析，只有含有關(guān)鍵字的CDR才能夠輸出。解決方法很簡(jiǎn)單，只要在參數(shù)列表的最后，加上它就可以了。不過(guò)，這樣就使得原本可選的描述文件名變?yōu)楸仨気斎耄?/p>

./destroy cdr cdr.txt cdr.desc [keyword]

因?yàn)椴桓牡脑挘憔筒恢溃谌齻€(gè)參數(shù)究竟是描述文件名，還是關(guān)鍵字。現(xiàn)在還算好辦，如果以后陸續(xù)有增加參數(shù)的需求，關(guān)鍵字也變成必須輸入了，這個(gè)時(shí)候，如果要查找全部CDR，你還得定義一個(gè)“特殊的關(guān)鍵字”，告訴程序，把數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)統(tǒng)給我撈出來(lái)……

有鑒于此，在Unix/linux的正式的項(xiàng)目上，程序員通常會(huì)使用getopt()或者getopt_long()來(lái)獲得輸入的參數(shù)。兩者的一個(gè)區(qū)別在于getopt()只支持短格式參數(shù)，而getopt_long()既支持短格式參數(shù)，又支持長(zhǎng)格式參數(shù)。

短格式：./destroy -f cdr -o cdr.txt -c cdr.desc -k 123456

長(zhǎng)格式：./destroy --file cdr --output cdr.txt --config cdr.desc --keyword 123456

引入了getopt()和getopt_long()的項(xiàng)目，設(shè)計(jì)者可以按需要，方便地增加參數(shù)，或者隨意地放置參數(shù)的先后次序，只需要在程序中判斷，哪些參數(shù)是必須的就可以了。關(guān)于這兩個(gè)函數(shù)的用法，大家可以上網(wǎng)搜索一下，不再累述。附件destroy_linux.c給出了在Linux下使用getopt_long()的實(shí)例。

[cpp] view plaincopy#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <getopt.h> void print_usage(const char *program_name) { printf("%s 1.0.0 (2010-06-13)/n", program_name); printf("This is a program decoding a BER encoded CDR file/n"); printf("Usage: %s -f <file_name> -o <output_name> [-c <config_name>] [-k <keyword>]/n", program_name); printf(" -f --file the CDR file to be decoded/n"); printf(" -o --output the output file in plain text format/n"); printf(" -c --config the descr

另外一個(gè)區(qū)別是，getopt()幾乎通用于所有類Unix系統(tǒng)，而getopt_long()只有在GNU的Unix/Linux下才能用。如果把上述程序放到Tru64上編譯，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)以下錯(cuò)誤：

cc -o destroy destroy_linux.c

cc: Error: destroy_linux.c, line 24: In the initializer for long_opts, an array's element type is incomplete, which precludes its initialization. (incompelinit)

{"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},

----------------^

所以，如果一定要在Tru64等非GNU的OS上做到長(zhǎng)格式的效果，除了自己另起爐灶之外，基本上只好借助一些跨平臺(tái)的開(kāi)源項(xiàng)目了。附件里的getopt_long.c和getopt.h是從opensolaris的網(wǎng)站上抄下來(lái)的，是包含在sg3_utils軟件包中的程序。sg3_utils具體是什么，我也不知道，據(jù)說(shuō)是一個(gè)Linux的開(kāi)發(fā)包，用來(lái)直接使用SCSI命令集訪問(wèn)設(shè)備。（sg3_utils is a package of utilities for accessing devices that use SCSI command sets.）反正拿來(lái)能用就是了！

[cpp] view plaincopy/* $NetBSD: getopt.h,v 1.7 2005/02/03 04:39:32 perry Exp $ */ /*- * Copyright (c) 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. * All rights reserved. * * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation * by Dieter Baron and Thomas Klausner. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software * must display the following acknowledgement: * This product includes software developed by the NetBSD * Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. * 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived * from this software without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ /* * modified May 12, 2005 by Jim Basney <jbasney@ncsa.uiuc.edu> * * removed #include of non-POSIX <sys/cdefs.h> and <sys/featuretest.h> * removed references to _NETBSD_SOURCE and HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H * added #if !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG * removed __BEGIN_DECLS and __END_DECLS */ #ifndef _MYPROXY_GETOPT_H_ #define _MYPROXY_GETOPT_H_ #if !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG #include <unistd.h> /* * Gnu like getopt_long() and BSD4.4 getsubopt()/optreset extensions */ #define no_argument 0 #define required_argument 1 #define optional_argument 2 extern char *optarg; extern int optind; extern int optopt; extern int opterr; struct option { /* name of long option */ const char *name; /* * one of no_argument, required_argument, and optional_argument: * whether option takes an argument */ int has_arg; /* if not NULL, set *flag to val when option found */ int *flag; /* if flag not NULL, value to set *flag to; else return value */ int val; }; int getopt_long(int, char * const *, const char *, const struct option *, int *); #endif /* !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG */ #endif /* !_MYPROXY_GETOPT_H_ */ [cpp] view plaincopy/* $NetBSD: getopt_long.c,v 1.17 2004/06/20 22:20:15 jmc Exp $ */ /*- * Copyright (c) 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. * All rights reserved. * * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation * by Dieter Baron and Thomas Klausner. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software * must display the following acknowledgement: * This product includes software developed by the NetBSD * Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. * 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived * from this software without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ /* * modified May 12, 2005 by Jim Basney <jbasney@ncsa.uiuc.edu> * * removed #include of non-POSIX <sys/cdefs.h> <err.h> * removed #include of "namespace.h" * use local "port_getopt.h" instead of <getopt.h> * removed REPLACE_GETOPT and HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H sections * removed __P() from function declarations * use ANSI C function parameter lists * removed optreset support * replace _DIAGASSERT() with assert() * replace non-POSIX warnx(...) with fprintf(stderr, ...) * added extern declarations for optarg, optind, opterr, and optopt */ #if defined(LIBC_SCCS) && !defined(lint) __RCSID("$NetBSD: getopt_long.c,v 1.17 2004/06/20 22:20:15 jmc Exp $"); #endif /* LIBC_SCCS and not lint */ #include <assert.h> #include <errno.h> #include "getopt.h" #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #ifdef __weak_alias __weak_alias(getopt_long,_getopt_long) #endif #if !HAVE_GETOPT_LONG #define IGNORE_FIRST (*options == '-' || *options == '+') #define PRINT_ERROR ((opterr) && ((*options != ':') / || (IGNORE_FIRST && options[1] != ':'))) #define IS_POSIXLY_CORRECT (getenv("POSIXLY_CORRECT") != NULL) #define PERMUTE (!IS_POSIXLY_CORRECT && !IGNORE_FIRST) /* XXX: GNU ignores PC if *options == '-' */ #define IN_ORDER (!IS_POSIXLY_CORRECT && *options == '-') /* return values */ #define BADCH (int)'?' #define BADARG ((IGNORE_FIRST && options[1] == ':') / || (*options == ':') ? (int)':' : (int)'?') #define INORDER (int)1 #define EMSG "" extern char *optarg; extern int optind, opterr, optopt; static int getopt_internal (int, char * const *, const char *); static int gcd (int, int); static void permute_args (int, int, int, char * const *); static char *place = EMSG; /* option letter processing */ static int nonopt_start = -1; /* first non option argument (for permute) */ static int nonopt_end = -1; /* first option after non options (for permute) */ /* Error messages */ static const char recargchar[] = "option requires an argument -- %c"; static const char recargstring[] = "option requires an argument -- %s"; static const char ambig[] = "ambiguous option -- %.*s"; static const char noarg[] = "option doesn't take an argument -- %.*s"; static const char illoptchar[] = "unknown option -- %c"; static const char illoptstring[] = "unknown option -- %s"; /* * Compute the greatest common divisor of a and b. */ static int gcd(int a, int b) { int c; c = a % b; while (c != 0) { a = b; b = c; c = a % b; } return b; } /* * Exchange the block from nonopt_start to nonopt_end with the block * from nonopt_end to opt_end (keeping the same order of arguments * in each block). */ static void permute_args(int panonopt_start, int panonopt_end, int opt_end, char * const *nargv) { int cstart, cyclelen, i, j, ncycle, nnonopts, nopts, pos; char *swap; assert(nargv != NULL); /* * compute lengths of blocks and number and size of cycles */ nnonopts = panonopt_end - panonopt_start; nopts = opt_end - panonopt_end; ncycle = gcd(nnonopts, nopts); cyclelen = (opt_end - panonopt_start) / ncycle; for (i = 0; i < ncycle; i++) { cstart = panonopt_end+i; pos = cstart; for (j = 0; j < cyclelen; j++) { if (pos >= panonopt_end) pos -= nnonopts; else pos += nopts; swap = nargv[pos]; /* LINTED const cast */ ((char **) nargv)[pos] = nargv[cstart]; /* LINTED const cast */ ((char **)nargv)[cstart] = swap; } } } /* * getopt_internal -- * Parse argc/argv argument vector. Called by user level routines. * Returns -2 if -- is found (can be long option or end of options marker). */ static int getopt_internal(int nargc, char * const *nargv, const char *options) { char *oli; /* option letter list index */ int optchar; assert(nargv != NULL); assert(options != NULL); optarg = NULL; /* * XXX Some programs (like rsyncd) expect to be able to * XXX re-initialize optind to 0 and have getopt_long(3) * XXX properly function again. Work around this braindamage. */ if (optind == 0) optind = 1; start: if (!*place) { /* update scanning pointer */ if (optind >= nargc) { /* end of argument vector */ place = EMSG; if (nonopt_end != -1) { /* do permutation, if we have to */ permute_args(nonopt_start, nonopt_end, optind, nargv); optind -= nonopt_end - nonopt_start; } else if (nonopt_start != -1) { /* * If we skipped non-options, set optind * to the first of them. */ optind = nonopt_start; } nonopt_start = nonopt_end = -1; return -1; } if ((*(place = nargv[optind]) != '-') || (place[1] == '/0')) { /* found non-option */ place = EMSG; if (IN_ORDER) { /* * GNU extension: * return non-option as argument to option 1 */ optarg = nargv[optind++]; return INORDER; } if (!PERMUTE) { /* * if no permutation wanted, stop parsing * at first non-option */ return -1; } /* do permutation */ if (nonopt_start == -1) nonopt_start = optind; else if (nonopt_end != -1) { permute_args(nonopt_start, nonopt_end, optind, nargv); nonopt_start = optind - (nonopt_end - nonopt_start); nonopt_end = -1; } optind++; /* process next argument */ goto start; } if (nonopt_start != -1 && nonopt_end == -1) nonopt_end = optind; if (place[1] && *++place == '-') { /* found "--" */ place++; return -2; } } if ((optchar = (int)*place++) == (int)':' || (oli = strchr(options + (IGNORE_FIRST ? 1 : 0), optchar)) == NULL) { /* option letter unknown or ':' */ if (!*place) ++optind; if (PRINT_ERROR) fprintf(stderr, illoptchar, optchar); optopt = optchar; return BADCH; } if (optchar == 'W' && oli[1] == ';') { /* -W long-option */ /* XXX: what if no long options provided (called by getopt)? */ if (*place) return -2; if (++optind >= nargc) { /* no arg */ place = EMSG; if (PRINT_ERROR) fprintf(stderr, recargchar, optchar); optopt = optchar; return BADARG; } else /* white space */ place = nargv[optind]; /* * Handle -W arg the same as --arg (which causes getopt to * stop parsing). */ return -2; } if (*++oli != ':') { /* doesn't take argument */ if (!*place) ++optind; } else { /* takes (optional) argument */ optarg = NULL; if (*place) /* no white space */ optarg = place; /* XXX: disable test for :: if PC? (GNU doesn't) */ else if (oli[1] != ':') { /* arg not optional */ if (++optind >= nargc) { /* no arg */ place = EMSG; if (PRINT_ERROR) fprintf(stderr, recargchar, optchar); optopt = optchar; return BADARG; } else optarg = nargv[optind]; } place = EMSG; ++optind; } /* dump back option letter */ return optchar; } /* * getopt_long -- * Parse argc/argv argument vector. */ int getopt_long(int nargc, char * const *nargv, const char *options, const struct option *long_options, int *idx) { int retval; assert(nargv != NULL); assert(options != NULL); assert(long_options != NULL); /* idx may be NULL */ if ((retval = getopt_internal(nargc, nargv, options)) == -2) { char *current_argv, *has_equal; size_t current_argv_len; int i, match; current_argv = place; match = -1; optind++; place = EMSG; if (*current_argv == '/0') { /* found "--" */ /* * We found an option (--), so if we skipped * non-options, we have to permute. */ if (nonopt_end != -1) { permute_args(nonopt_start, nonopt_end, optind, nargv); optind -= nonopt_end - nonopt_start; } nonopt_start = nonopt_end = -1; return -1; } if ((has_equal = strchr(current_argv, '=')) != NULL) { /* argument found (--option=arg) */ current_argv_len = has_equal - current_argv; has_equal++; } else current_argv_len = strlen(current_argv); for (i = 0; long_options[i].name; i++) { /* find matching long option */ if (strncmp(current_argv, long_options[i].name, current_argv_len)) continue; if (strlen(long_options[i].name) == (unsigned)current_argv_len) { /* exact match */ match = i; break; } if (match == -1) /* partial match */ match = i; else { /* ambiguous abbreviation */ if (PRINT_ERROR) fprintf(stderr, ambig, (int)current_argv_len, current_argv); optopt = 0; return BADCH; } } if (match != -1) { /* option found */ if (long_options[match].has_arg == no_argument && has_equal) { if (PRINT_ERROR) fprintf(stderr, noarg, (int)current_argv_len, current_argv); /* * XXX: GNU sets optopt to val regardless of * flag */ if (long_options[match].flag == NULL) optopt = long_options[match].val; else optopt = 0; return BADARG; } if (long_options[match].has_arg == required_argument || long_options[match].has_arg == optional_argument) { if (has_equal) optarg = has_equal; else if (long_options[match].has_arg == required_argument) { /* * optional argument doesn't use * next nargv */ optarg = nargv[optind++]; } } if ((long_options[match].has_arg == required_argument) && (optarg == NULL)) { /* * Missing argument; leading ':' * indicates no error should be generated */ if (PRINT_ERROR) fprintf(stderr, recargstring, current_argv); /* * XXX: GNU sets optopt to val regardless * of flag */ if (long_options[match].flag == NULL) optopt = long_options[match].val; else optopt = 0; --optind; return BADARG; } } else { /* unknown option */ if (PRINT_ERROR) fprintf(stderr, illoptstring, current_argv); optopt = 0; return BADCH; } if (long_options[match].flag) { *long_options[match].flag = long_options[match].val; retval = 0; } else retval = long_options[match].val; if (idx) *idx = match; } return retval; } #endif /* !GETOPT_LONG */

拿過(guò)來(lái)后，把他們放到與destroy_linux.c同一目錄下，只需要把destroy_linux.c的頭文件改一個(gè)地方，#include <getopt.h>改為#include “getopt.h”，就能夠編譯運(yùn)行了。而且，這樣改好后，不僅在Tru64上能運(yùn)行，在Linux、SunOS上也能運(yùn)行。

[cpp] view plaincopy#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include "getopt.h" void print_usage(const char *program_name) { printf("%s 1.0.0 (2010-06-13)/n", program_name); printf("This is a program decoding a BER encoded CDR file/n"); printf("Usage: %s -f <file_name> -o <output_name> [-c <config_name>] [-k <keyword>]/n", program_name); printf(" -f --file the CDR file to be decoded/n"); printf(" -o --output the output file in plain text format/n"); printf(" -c --config the description file of the CDR file, if not given, use default configuration/n"); printf(" -k --keyword the keyword to search, if not given, all records will be written into output file/n"); } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char *file_name = NULL; char *output_name = NULL; char *config_name = NULL; char *keyword = NULL; const char *short_opts = "hf:o:c:k:"; const struct option long_opts[] = { {"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'}, {"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'}, {"output", required_argument, NULL, 'o'}, {"config", required_argument, NULL, 'c'}, {"keyword", required_argument, NULL, 'k'}, {0, 0, 0, 0} }; int hflag = 0; int c; opterr = 0; while ( (c = getopt_long(argc, argv, short_opts, long_opts, NULL)) != -1 ) { switch ( c ) { case 'h' : hflag = 1; break; case 'f' : file_name = optarg; break; case 'o' : output_name = optarg; break; case 'c' : config_name = optarg; break; case 'k' : keyword = optarg; break; case '?' : if ( optopt == 'f' || optopt == 'o' || optopt == 'c' || optopt == 'k' ) printf("Error: option -%c requires an argument/n", optopt); else if ( isprint(optopt) ) printf("Error: unknown option '-%c'/n", optopt); else printf("Error: unknown option character '//x%x'/n", optopt); return 1; default : abort(); } } if ( hflag || argc == 1 ) { print_usage(argv[0]); return 0; } if ( !file_name ) { printf("Error: file name must be specified/n"); return 1; } if ( !output_name ) { printf("Error: output name must be specified/n"); return 1; } // if not setting default, Linux OK, but SunOS core dump if ( !config_name ) config_name = "(null)"; if ( !keyword ) keyword = "(null)"; printf("Parameters got: file_name = %s, output_name = %s, config_name = %s, keyword = %s/n", file_name, output_name, config_name, keyword); return 0; }

Linux下編譯

-bash-3.2$ gcc -o destroy destroy.c getopt_long.c

短格式，全部輸入

-bash-3.2$ ./destroy -f aaa -o aaa.txt -c ccc -k 222

Parameters got: file_name = aaa, output_name = aaa.txt, config_name = ccc, keyword = 222

前兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)格式，后兩個(gè)短格式

-bash-3.2$ ./destroy --file aaa --output aaa.txt -c ccc -k 222

Parameters got: file_name = aaa, output_name = aaa.txt, config_name = ccc, keyword = 222

漏掉一個(gè)必須輸入的參數(shù)會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)

-bash-3.2$ ./destroy -output aaa.txt

Error: file name must be specified

次序隨意，長(zhǎng)短混用

-bash-3.2$ ./destroy -c ccc -o aaa.txt -k 222 --file aaa

Parameters got: file_name = aaa, output_name = aaa.txt, config_name = ccc, keyword = 222

題外話，#include <filename.h>與#include “filename.h”有什么區(qū)別，是面試C程序員經(jīng)常問(wèn)到的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。答案大家都知道了，#include <filename.h>，編譯器從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)路徑搜索filename.h，而#include “filename.h”，編譯器從用戶的工作路徑搜索filename.h。

此外，網(wǎng)上也有人說(shuō)從glibc（http://sourceware.org/glibc/）上把getopt.h、getopt.c和getoptl.c拿過(guò)來(lái)也能夠用。我也試過(guò)，但是不清楚什么原因不成功。

在這個(gè)小實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程中，還發(fā)現(xiàn)了C語(yǔ)言在各個(gè)OS下的一些細(xì)小差異，比如destroy.c里，79行到82行：

// if not setting default, Linux OK, but SunOS core dump

if ( !config_name ) config_name = "(null)";

if ( !keyword ) keyword = "(null)";

printf("Parameters got: file_name = %s, output_name = %s, config_name = %s, keyword = %s/n", file_name, output_name, config_name, keyword);

如果在81行和82行不設(shè)置空指針的默認(rèn)值，Linux和Tru64都會(huì)自動(dòng)幫你轉(zhuǎn)換而避免運(yùn)行時(shí)錯(cuò)誤，但是SunOS不會(huì)，它會(huì)死給你看。

./destroy -f aaa -o aaa.txt

Segmentation Fault (core dumped)

再比如第62行的abort()在頭文件stdlib.h中定義，如果不包含此文件，SunOS與Tru64編譯都沒(méi)問(wèn)題，Linux編譯時(shí)會(huì)警告：

warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in function abort

由此看來(lái)，雖然C也公認(rèn)是可移植性比較好的語(yǔ)言，但是在跨平臺(tái)的項(xiàng)目中，也應(yīng)該注意這些微小的差別。