如何用VB.Net創建一個三層的數據庫應用程序
2024-07-10 13:01:15
供稿：網友
1. 概論：
本文將介紹如何創建一個三層應用程序，并且將介紹如何創建一個web service服務。
ado.net創建windows三層結構應用程序的體系架構如下圖所示：
該結構分三個層次：表示層、業務層、數據層。
數據層：代表物理數據庫。
業務層：負責數據層與表示層之間的數據傳輸。
表示層：應用程序的客戶端，它通過業務層來訪問數據庫。
表示層所操作的是駐留在內存中的本地數據，當需要更新數據庫數據時，要通過業務層提供的更新方法實現。這樣可以大大提高應用程序的性能，而且，什么時候更新數據完全由你決定，提高了編程的靈活性。
2.實例:
這里我們具體做一個實例來看看如何用vb.net創建三層結構的應用程序。
數據庫：我們選擇sql server 的northwind數據庫。
業務層：我們創建一個webservice作為中間層。（需要安裝iis服務）
表示層：我們寫一個windows form
第一步：創建webservice。
具體步驟如下：
1. 新建一個項目，選擇asp.net web服務，命名為：”webservice for 業務層”。
2. 添加兩個sql dataadapter，一個為customer_da,它指向northwind數據庫的customers表，另一個為order_da,指向northwind數據庫的orders表。
3. 然后生成一個typed dataset（選擇“數據”菜單的“生成數據集”），命名為：super_ds.
4. 數據庫連接已經完成，下一步我們將考慮它與表示層之間的通信，這里我們定義兩個方法。一個為：get_dataset,它返回一個super_ds類型的數據集，另一個為：update_dataset，它負責更新數據庫數據， 方法代碼如下：
<webmethod()> public function get_dataset() as super_ds
customer_da.fill(super_ds1.customers)
order_da.fill(super_ds1.orders)
return super_ds1
end function
<webmethod()> public sub update_dataset()
super_ds1.acceptchanges()
end sub
你可以運行測試一下你建立的這個webservice。它將提供兩個方法。返回的dataset是以xml表示的。
業務層的完整代碼如下：
imports system.web.services
public class service1
inherits system.web.services.webservice
‘web services designer generated code…….
<webmethod()> public function get_dataset() as super_ds
customer_da.fill(super_ds1.customers)
order_da.fill(super_ds1.orders)
return super_ds1
end function
<webmethod()> public sub update_dataset()
super_ds1.acceptchanges()
end sub
' web service example
' the helloworld() example service returns the string hello world.
' to build, uncomment the following lines then save and build the project.
' to test this web service, ensure that the .asmx file is the start page
' and press f5.
'
'<webmethod()> public function helloworld() as string
' helloworld = "hello world"
' end function
end class
第二步：創建表示層
具體步驟如下：
1. 新建一個windows應用程序，命名為：“windows form for 表示層”。
2. 在窗體上添加一個datagrid,一個button,button1的text為“load”,作用是：從業務層讀取數據。
3. 在解決方案窗體中添加web 引用，將我們自己建立的web service for 業務層引入到當前項目中。
4. 向button1的click事件添加如下代碼：
dim customer_ds as new localhost.super_ds()
dim ser1 as new localhost.service1()
customer_ds.merge(ser1.get_dataset)
datagrid1.datasource = customer_ds
這里我們調用了web service的get_dataset函數，update_dataset方法的調用與此完全相同。
表示層的完整代碼如下：
imports data_access_表示層
public class form1
inherits system.windows.forms.form
#region " windows form designer generated code "
public sub new()
mybase.new()
'this call is required by the windows form designer.
initializecomponent()
'add any initialization after the initializecomponent() call
end sub
'form overrides dispose to clean up the component list.
protected overloads overrides sub dispose(byval disposing as boolean)
if disposing then
if not (components is nothing) then
components.dispose()
end if
end if
mybase.dispose(disposing)
end sub
friend withevents button1 as system.windows.forms.button
friend withevents button2 as system.windows.forms.button
friend withevents button3 as system.windows.forms.button
friend withevents client_dataset as data_access_表示層.localhost.super_ds
friend withevents datagrid1 as system.windows.forms.datagrid
'required by the windows form designer
private components as system.componentmodel.container
'note: the following procedure is required by the windows form designer
'it can be modified using the windows form designer.
'do not modify it using the code editor.
<system.diagnostics.debuggerstepthrough()> private sub initializecomponent()
me.button1 = new system.windows.forms.button()
me.button2 = new system.windows.forms.button()
me.button3 = new system.windows.forms.button()
me.client_dataset = new data_access_表示層.localhost.super_ds()
me.datagrid1 = new system.windows.forms.datagrid()
ctype(me.client_dataset, system.componentmodel.isupportinitialize).begininit()
ctype(me.datagrid1, system.componentmodel.isupportinitialize).begininit()
me.suspendlayout()
'
'button1
'
me.button1.location = new system.drawing.point(88, 360)
me.button1.name = "button1"
me.button1.tabindex = 0
me.button1.text = "load"
'
'button2
'
me.button2.location = new system.drawing.point(232, 360)
me.button2.name = "button2"
me.button2.tabindex = 1
me.button2.text = "update"
'
'button3
'
me.button3.location = new system.drawing.point(376, 360)
me.button3.name = "button3"
me.button3.tabindex = 2
me.button3.text = "clear"
'
'client_dataset
'
me.client_dataset.datasetname = "client_dataset"
me.client_dataset.locale = new system.globalization.cultureinfo("zh-cn")
me.client_dataset.namespace = "http://www.tempuri.org/customerds.xsd"
'
'datagrid1
'
me.datagrid1.datamember = ""
me.datagrid1.location = new system.drawing.point(40, 56)
me.datagrid1.name = "datagrid1"
me.datagrid1.size = new system.drawing.size(480, 264)
me.datagrid1.tabindex = 3
'
'form1
'
me.autoscalebasesize = new system.drawing.size(6, 14)
me.clientsize = new system.drawing.size(568, 429)
me.controls.addrange(new system.windows.forms.control() {me.datagrid1, me.button3, me.button2, me.button1})
me.name = "form1"
me.text = "form1"
ctype(me.client_dataset, system.componentmodel.isupportinitialize).endinit()
ctype(me.datagrid1, system.componentmodel.isupportinitialize).endinit()
me.resumelayout(false)
end sub
#end region
private sub button1_click(byval sender as system.object, byval e as system.eventargs) handles button1.click
dim customer_ds as new localhost.super_ds()
dim ser1 as new localhost.service1()
customer_ds.merge(ser1.get_dataset)
datagrid1.datasource = customer_ds
end sub
end class
總結：可見，表示層窗體上完全沒有數據庫連接控件，它與數據庫的連接任務是通過業務層來完成的，這樣，程序的結構更加清晰，當然業務層的實現也可以用其他方法，比如：寫一個自己的類來完成與數據庫的數據傳輸。
