一、什么是Requests
Requests 是Python語編寫，基于urllib，采Apache2 Licensed開源協(xié)議的 HTTP 庫。它urllib 更加方便，可以節(jié)約我們大量的工作，完全滿足HTTP測試需求。
一句話——requests是python/304101.html">python實(shí)現(xiàn)的簡單易用的HTTP庫
二、安裝Requests庫
進(jìn)入命令行win+R執(zhí)行
命令：pip install requests
項目導(dǎo)入：import requests
三、各種請求方式
直接上代碼，不明白可以查看我的urllib的基本使用方法
import requestsrequests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')這么多請求方式，都有什么含義，所以問下度娘：
（1）、基本的GET請求
import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')print(response.text)返回值：
{ "args": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "origin": "183.64.61.29", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get"}（2）、帶參數(shù)的GET請求
將name和age傳進(jìn)去
import requestsresponse = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")print(response.text){ "args": { "age": "22", "name": "germey" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "origin": "183.64.61.29", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22"}或者使用params的方法：
import requestsdata = { 'name': 'germey', 'age': 22}response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)print(response.text)返回值一樣
（3）、解析json
將返回值已json的形式展示：
import requestsimport jsonresponse = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")print(type(response.text))print(response.json())print(json.loads(response.text))print(type(response.json()))返回值：
<class 'str'>
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '183.64.61.29', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '183.64.61.29', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
<class 'dict'>
（4）、獲取二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)
記住返回值.content就ok了
import requestsresponse = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")print(type(response.text), type(response.content))print(response.text)print(response.content)返回值為二進(jìn)制不必再進(jìn)行展示，
（5）、添加headers
有些網(wǎng)站訪問時必須帶有瀏覽器等信息，如果不傳入headers就會報錯，如下
import requestsresponse = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore")print(response.text)返回值：
<html><body><h1>500 Server Error</h1>
An internal server error occured.
</body></html>
當(dāng)傳入headers時：
import requestsheaders = { 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'}response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)print(response.text)成功返回網(wǎng)頁源代碼不做展示
（6）、基本POST請求
不明白見我博文urllib的使用方法
import requestsdata = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)print(response.text)返回：
{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": {}, "form": { "age": "22", "name": "germey" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Content-Length": "18", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "json": null, "origin": "183.64.61.29", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"}三、響應(yīng)
response屬性
import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)print(type(response.headers), response.headers)print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)print(type(response.url), response.url)print(type(response.history), response.history)return：
<class 'int'> 200
<class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'> {'Date': 'Thu, 01 Feb 2018 20:47:08 GMT', 'Server': 'Tengine', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'X-Frame-Options': 'DENY', 'X-XSS-Protection': '1; mode=block', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'ETag': 'W/"9f70e869e7cce214b6e9d90f4ceaa53d"', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0, private, must-revalidate', 'Set-Cookie': 'locale=zh-CN; path=/', 'X-Request-Id': '366f4cba-8414-4841-bfe2-792aeb8cf302', 'X-Runtime': '0.008350', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'X-Via': '1.1 gjf22:8 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0), 1.1 PSzqstdx2ps251:10 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0)', 'Connection': 'keep-alive'}
<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie locale=zh-CN for www.jianshu.com/>]>
<class 'str'> https://www.jianshu.com/
<class 'list'> [<Response [301]>]
狀態(tài)碼判斷：常見的網(wǎng)頁狀態(tài)碼：
100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '//o/', '?'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),
# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '//o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),
# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o//', '?'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
四、高級操作
（1）、文件上傳
使用 Requests 模塊，上傳文件也是如此簡單的，文件的類型會自動進(jìn)行處理：
實(shí)例：
import requestsfiles = {'file': open('cookie.txt', 'rb')}response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)print(response.text)這是通過測試網(wǎng)站做的一個測試，返回值如下：
{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": { "file": "#LWP-Cookies-2.0/r/nSet-Cookie3: BAIDUID=/"D2B4E137DE67E271D87F03A8A15DC459:FG=1/"; path=/"//"; domain=/".baidu.com/"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=/"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z/"; version=0/r/nSet-Cookie3: BIDUPSID=D2B4E137DE67E271D87F03A8A15DC459; path=/"//"; domain=/".baidu.com/"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=/"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z/"; version=0/r/nSet-Cookie3: H_PS_PSSID=25641_1465_21087_17001_22159; path=/"//"; domain=/".baidu.com/"; path_spec; domain_dot; discard; version=0/r/nSet-Cookie3: PSTM=1516953672; path=/"//"; domain=/".baidu.com/"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=/"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z/"; version=0/r/nSet-Cookie3: BDSVRTM=0; path=/"//"; domain=/"www.baidu.com/"; path_spec; discard; version=0/r/nSet-Cookie3: BD_HOME=0; path=/"//"; domain=/"www.baidu.com/"; path_spec; discard; version=0/r/n" }, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Content-Length": "909", "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=84835f570cfa44da8f4a062b097cad49", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "json": null, "origin": "183.64.61.29", "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"}（2）、獲取cookie
當(dāng)需要cookie時，直接調(diào)用response.cookie:(response為請求后的返回值)
import requestsresponse = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")print(response.cookies)for key, value in response.cookies.items(): print(key + '=' + value)輸出結(jié)果：
<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
BDORZ=27315
（3）、會話維持、模擬登陸
如果某個響應(yīng)中包含一些Cookie，你可以快速訪問它們：
import requests r = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/')print(r.cookies['NID'])print(tuple(r.cookies))要想發(fā)送你的cookies到服務(wù)器，可以使用 cookies 參數(shù)：
import requests url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'}# 在Cookie Version 0中規(guī)定空格、方括號、圓括號、等于號、逗號、雙引號、斜杠、問號、@，冒號，分號等特殊符號都不能作為Cookie的內(nèi)容。r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)print(r.json())（4）、證書驗(yàn)證
因?yàn)?2306有一個錯誤證書，我們那它的網(wǎng)站做測試會出現(xiàn)下面的情況，證書不是官方證書，瀏覽器會識別出一個錯誤
import requestsresponse = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')print(response.status_code)返回值：
怎么正常進(jìn)入這樣的網(wǎng)站了，代碼如下：
import requestsfrom requests.packages import urllib3urllib3.disable_warnings()response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)print(response.status_code)將verify設(shè)置位False即可，返回的狀態(tài)碼為200
urllib3.disable_warnings()這條命令主要用于消除警告信息
（5）、代理設(shè)置
在進(jìn)行爬蟲爬取時，有時候爬蟲會被服務(wù)器給屏蔽掉，這時采用的方法主要有降低訪問時間，通過代理ip訪問，如下：
import requestsproxies = { "http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743", "https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",}response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)print(response.status_code)ip可以從網(wǎng)上抓取，或者某寶購買
如果代理需要設(shè)置賬戶名和密碼,只需要將字典更改為如下：
proxies = {"http":"http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9999"}如果你的代理是通過sokces這種方式則需要pip install "requests[socks]"
proxies= {"http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9999","https":"sockes5://127.0.0.1:8888"}（6）、超時設(shè)置
訪問有些網(wǎng)站時可能會超時，這時設(shè)置好timeout就可以解決這個問題
import requestsfrom requests.exceptions import ReadTimeouttry: response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5) print(response.status_code)except ReadTimeout: print('Timeout')正常訪問，狀態(tài)嗎返回200
（7）、認(rèn)證設(shè)置
如果碰到需要認(rèn)證的網(wǎng)站可以通過requests.auth模塊實(shí)現(xiàn)
import requestsfrom requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuthresponse = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))print(response.status_code)當(dāng)然這里還有一種方式
import requestsresponse = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=("user","123"))print(response.status_code)（8）、異常處理
遇到網(wǎng)絡(luò)問題（如：DNS查詢失敗、拒絕連接等）時，Requests會拋出一個ConnectionError 異常。
遇到罕見的無效HTTP響應(yīng)時，Requests則會拋出一個 HTTPError 異常。
若請求超時，則拋出一個 Timeout 異常。
若請求超過了設(shè)定的最大重定向次數(shù)，則會拋出一個 TooManyRedirects 異常。
所有Requests顯式拋出的異常都繼承自 requests.exceptions.RequestException 。
以上就是本文的全部內(nèi)容，希望對大家的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助，也希望大家多多支持VEVB武林網(wǎng)。
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